Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aktie

Good day, everyone, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to Rhythm Pharmaceuticals Results from Phase II Prader-Willi Syndrome trial. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. Now it's my pleasure to hand the conference to David Connolly with Investor Relations at Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. Please proceed.

Thank you, [Carmen]. I'm Dave Connolly here at Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. This morning, we issued a press release announcing positive interim data from our Phase II trial of setmelanotide in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. That press release is available on our website. Also, our slides for this call can be accessed and controlled by going to the Investors section of our website at ir.rhythmtx.com. On the call today are David Meeker, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Rhythm Pharmaceuticals; and Dr. Jennifer Miller, Pediatric Endocrinologist at the University of Florida.

On Slide 3, I'll remind you that this call contains remarks concerning future expectations, plans and prospects, which constitute forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by these forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including those discussed in our most recent annual or quarterly reports on file with the SEC. In addition, any forward-looking statements represent our views as of today and should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date. We specifically disclaim any obligation to update such statements. With that, I'll turn the call over to David Meeker, who will begin on Slide 5.

Thank you, Dave. Good morning, everybody, and thank you for joining on a Saturday. We're thrilled to have Dr. Miller joining us this morning despite a 1:00 a.m. arrival last night. Dr. Miller will present the 6-month data results from our open-label study of setmelanotide in patients with PWS at an American College of Endocrinology poster session at 12:45 Chicago Time today.

The headline is that we saw a consistent response to setmelanotide across four key measures. BMI and BMI-Z scores decreased with a corresponding decrease in fat mass while preserving lean mass, and we saw a consistent decrease in both their hyperphagia scores and their anxiety. These results reinforce the rationale and our conviction to advance MC4R agonism to Phase III in PWS. This morning, we will present the data that will be in the poster along with some additional color.

Before we do that, I want to remind you of Rhythm's three key pillars on Slide 6, underlying our strategy of fully developing therapies for diseases defined by impaired signaling through the MC4R pathway. We will continue to work on genetic causes. We are pleased with the start of our launch into acquired HO. And as you will hear today, we believe we can make a significant difference in the lives of patients living with PWS. The epidemiology of PWS is reasonably well understood, and we did our own analysis following the methodology outlined on Slide 7.

We estimate a prevalent population of 12,500 to 16,000 in each of the U.S. and Europe with 80% to 90% of patients having MC4R pathway impairment for a target population range of 8,500 to 12,750. In the appendix, there are a few slides that walk you through our bottoms-up methodology with citations. Now let's move to the data highlights on Slide 8. We are, as promised, showing you four metrics, which in their totality, we believe capture the full picture of the benefit of treatment with setmelanotide.

This is a complex disease, characterized not only by the hyperphagia and associated obesity in patients who are not severely calorie restricted, but also challenging behaviors, including rigidity, obsessive compulsive disorder, a tendency to emotional breakdowns and in some patients, more violent behaviors. In addition to BMI in adults and BMI-Z in children, we record changes in their hyperphagia questionnaire for clinical trials, the HQ-CT score, the currently accepted hyperphagia score.

The HQ-CT is a 9-item caregiver assessment with each item being scored on a 0 to 4-point scale with a possible maximum score of 36. The higher the score, the more severe the hyperphagia. In the FDA review of VYKAT, the agency's anchor-based evaluation of the study data found that a plausible range of clinically meaningful change thresholds in HQ-CT total score is between 4 and 7.5 points. The Prader-Willi Syndrome anxiousness and distress Behaviors Questionnaire, or PADQ, is also a caregiver-reported assessment with 14 items scored on a scale of 0 to 4 and a maximum potential score of 56. The higher the score, the more severe the patient's anxiety and level of distress. An 11 point or more reduction in score is considered clinically meaningful.

As shown on Slide 8, the mean BMI decrease at 6 months across all 17 patients was 3.06%. Adult patients had a mean BMI decrease of 3.11% and the 7 pediatric patients some of whom experienced significant growth during the 6-month period had a BMI-Z score decrease of minus 0.35. The mean decrease in fat mass was 4.19% for the 16 patients with scans while preserving lean mass. And notably, 8 of 10 patients with moderate to severe hyperphagia, defined as a HQ-CT score of greater than equal to 13 had a 7-point or greater decrease in score.

As a reminder, as shown on Slide 9, this is an open-label study of setmelanotide dosed up to a maximum of 5 milligrams as tolerated for a period of 6 months in patients aged greater than equal to 6 with PWS. Originally, this was a 6-month study, but we had amended the duration to be 1 year plus an open-label extension. The 6-month interim look at the data was prespecified. Slide 10 shows the patient demographics in disposition. A total of 18 patients were enrolled. Patient #4, as we indicated on our December call, discontinued the trial early for personal family reasons.

All remaining 17 patients have stayed in the study, and that is the data we are presenting today. There were 11 adult patients and 7 patients less than 18. 7 patients had diabetes, 2 patients had extremely poorly controlled diabetes and 3 patients were treated with insulin, which can contribute to weight gain. 14 of 17 patients were treated with growth hormone, which has positive effects on body composition. The patients were living with severe obesity with a mean BMI of 39 overall and 41.1 in the adult patients. The mean BMI-Z score in patients less than 18 was 4.15. The average HQ-CT score was 12.83.

As noted, a total of 10 patients had a baseline score greater than 13, a level that correlates with moderate to severe hyperphagia and that has been used in prior hyperphagia trials to define patient eligibility. The mean PADQ score was 29.9, a total of 9 patients were on VYKAT. Slide 11 shows the BMI plot for all 17 patients. 14 of 17 patients showed a decrease in their BMI over the course of the 6 months. The next 2 slides look at the BMI and BMI-Z score changes in adult and pediatric patients, respectively, with their corresponding DEXA scan results at 6 months below each patient.

The dark blue bars represent the percent change in fat mass and the light purple bars show the percent change in lean mass. Beginning with the adults on Slide 12, you can see that 10 adult patients had a mean BMI percent decrease of 3.11%. Of note, all patients had a decrease in BMI over the 6 months with the exception of patient 1, who, as you remember from the December presentation had severe uncontrolled diabetes among other medical problems. Her weight has remained stable to down after her initial increase.

If you look at the DEXA scan results shown below each patient, the 9 adult patients with an available DEXA scan had an approximate mean change in percent fat mass of minus 7.4%, with relative preservation of lean mass and in the majority of cases, the decrease in fat mass percent exceeded the percent decrease in BMI. The next slide shows the change in BMI-Z scores for pediatric patients. Importantly, most of these patients were on growth hormone. Mean BMI-Z score change was a minus 0.35 with reduction of greater than 0.2 being viewed as clinically meaningful. 6 of 7 patients had a BMI-Z score decrease of approximately 0.2 or greater.

DEXA scan results must be interpreted differently in pediatric patients as they would be expected to add both fat and lean mass as they grow. Girls will add more fat mass than boys. Patient 5 did not have a measurable response to treatment, although his BMI has fluctuated significantly during the trial. The other patients showed a variable response on DEXA with both fat and lean mass decreasing in some and increasing in others consistent with their growth.

Moving to the next 2 slides, we see the same BMI and BMI-Z bars at the top for each patient with the corresponding HQ-CT and PADQ scores for each patient on the two panels below. On Slide 14, we see the adult patients. HQ-CT scores decreased meaningfully in all 8 patients with elevated baseline values. Two patients had baseline scores of 0 with no opportunity to improve. And 6 out of 6 patients with scores greater than 7 and therefore, an opportunity to show a 7-point or more change all had a change of 7 or greater.

The PADQ score results showed a similar pattern with all but 2 patients who had low baseline scores showing a decrease in their score and of the 8 patients with a baseline score of 11 or greater and therefore, the potential to show an 11-point or greater change, 6 out of 8 patients did show that change.

Moving to Slide 15, we show the results for the pediatric patients. HQ-CT scores decreased in 5 out of 6 patients with baseline elevated scores, and they decreased by more than 7 points in 3 of 5 patients with baseline values greater than 7. Patient 5 did not show as noted, a clear clinical response on any of the 4 clinical assessments. And again, the PADQ results showed a similar pattern with 6 of 7 patients showing a decrease in their scores from baseline and 4 of 7 patients a greater than 11-point decrease.

Patient #8 missed by 1 point on both the HQ-CT and PADQ measures from reaching the 7- and 11-point thresholds, respectively. On Slide 16, we show the safety results. The drug was well tolerated with most patients being on 4 or 4.5 milligrams. Injection site reactions and hyperpigmentation were most commonly seen. I would now like to move to Dr. Miller and ask her a few questions before we go to more general Q&A. Dr. Miller, thanks for joining us today.

Thank you for inviting me.

I want to acknowledge all the work you do for the Prader-Willi community. You have participated in most of the clinical trials which have been run in this population. And as we at Rhythm have come to appreciate, these are very challenging trials to conduct.

Thank you Dave.

My first question is just in general, what do you see as the most meaningful results to date in this study?

So I think the most meaningful results to date are the fact that everything is moving in the same direction. There is consistency across all of these measures between weight, BMI, DEXA results as well as HQ-CT scores and PADQ scores. So that's very positive to me.

Most patients seem to have a relatively consistent response to treatment across the different outcome measures with the exception of patients 1 and 5. And I know we discussed these patients on the December call, but can you remind us a little bit of sort of who they are and what was challenging about these patients?

Yes. So patient 1 has uncontrolled diabetes, very poorly controlled diabetes with an A1c that's ranged between 14% and 15% during the course of this time. She's noncompliant with diabetes medications. I insisted that mom be the one to give her the setmelanotide for the trial. I'm not sure of the consistency there either. But I mean, she and her mom both report that even though her weight has not decreased as they hoped that she seems happier. She's moving more. She's actually going out of the house and has a job now, which she wasn't doing prior to the trial.

So they are actually quite thrilled with the results, even though she has not had an improvement in weight or BMI or DEXA scan. And again, I don't know if that's compliance or something else. And then patient 5 had a very difficult social situation, a lot of traveling, moving, -- he was in high school, where people were giving him food, no one was supervising. And so it was just a tough time during the course of this time because there was so much social upheaval within his life.

And so -- but again, parents are very pleased. Both of these patients remain on drug and remain on the trial because both parents perceive a benefit. It may not be the benefit that you and I wanted to see and the benefit in terms of BMI and weight and HQ-CT score, but it is a benefit. And there -- both patients are consistently seeming happier, having less meltdowns, easier to deal with. And when they do have meltdowns, they are certainly shorter lived.

And I remember the patient #1 gained their weight immediately, pretty quickly coming into the trial by month 3. And since then.

She's been stable. Since then she's been stable. She's gone down gentamicin, but for the most part, she's been stable. She was never stable before. I've known her whole life. So this is the first time we've seen stability in weight gain. And so I do actually think that's a win.

Right. And it looks like she did have a decrease in her HQ-CT [ C20 ] baseline. So and then if you said patient 5, perhaps representative of just some of the challenges...

Yes. Absolutely.

Can you talk a little bit about factors which may cause visit-to-visit fluctuations despite a general trend towards improvement?

I mean I think there's a lot of factors that can cause visit-to-visit fluctuations. I mean, travel, of course, being a big one. We were having these people come every month. They're coming from all over the country for this trial. So travel is stressful and people tend to eat not normally when they're traveling. There's a lot of constipation within this population that worsens with travel, a lot of edema, particularly peripheral edema or lymphedema, which worsens with prolonged travel.

So I think all of those factors contributed to weight fluctuations, how bad their edema was, whether they had used the bathroom regularly, that kind of stuff. And then I also think that things like school situation, school holidays and new teachers and things like that, of course, play a big role in variations from visit to visit. And unfortunately, we've had several families during the course of this trial that the parents have gotten profoundly ill, and that also has affected this because if the primary caregiver is not available to really be the one making sure that everything is happening the way that it should, you can get some variability in results.

So how would you characterize the patient population as compared to the broader Prader-Willi population, knowing that some of the more challenging patients are referred to you, and I know we've gotten this from a number of people who follow Rhythm.

Yes. I mean these were the worst of the worst patients for me. They were patients -- sorry, as I said, in December that did not qualify for any other treatment that we had tried everything else on. And I felt like I was at the end of what I could do. And so that made this a particularly challenging population to deal with being that they were so severe, their BMIs were so severe, the behaviors were so severe.

And so I do think they are representative of a subset of some people with Prader-Willi syndrome. I don't think they're entirely representative of my whole patient population by far, but they definitely are representative of a big subset of people with Prader-Willi dealing with obesity, uncontrolled diabetes, hyperphagia, that kind of stuff.

They speak to the huge unmet need.

They do speak to the huge unmet need.

Can you talk a little bit about what you would expect to see in a placebo group with regard to changes in [ HQ-CT ] scores and the fact that they're been in a trial, what impact do you think that has?

I honestly don't think it has any. I mean at the beginning, for sure, I know that there is a very strong placebo effect in Prader-Willi. We've documented that in multiple trials. However, this far out, that placebo effect is gone. And so the fact that these results have remained consistent over at least 6 months and for some of these patients now 12 months is really encouraging to me.

I think placebo is going to show nothing. I mean I think by 6 months in, you should see no changes, if not increasing -- well, you should see increasing in weight and BMI, increasing in body fat as is typical for the natural history of the syndrome. and behaviors in hyperphagia should not change.

Great. Last question. Now that we are 6 or more months into the trial, what is the general impression of the patient and their family with regard to the changes they've seen on treatment?

Everyone is really thrilled, very thrilled. As I said, all 17 patients have remained in the trial, which is remarkable considering how much we were asking of them during the trial. They are happier in terms of -- most of them, especially about the weight control and hyperphagia changes that they're seeing. But the other big piece of this is that the kids and adults are actually becoming more physically active, like they're choosing to become more physically active, and that's huge.

They're purposely going out and doing stuff. Some of the adults have gotten jobs, which they weren't doing before. Parents report that in situations where their kid would normally have a meltdown because things didn't go their way, they're able to sort of reason their way through it and not have meltdown. And it's been quite remarkable. The behavior changes and the positive mental health changes that we've seen have been consistent across everybody. Some of these individuals have even been able to come off of their -- some of their -- not all of them, but some of their atypical antipsychotic meds or come down on those medications, which is huge as well because people with Prader-Willi, as many people know, are just polypharmacy at the extreme. So it's nice to see that we have some mechanism to improve quality of life in this population.

Great. Thank you. I mean it highlights again that no one measure captures the benefit here in terms of...

Okay. So just to wrap up. So thank you, Dr. Miller, for that. And in summary, I'll start by acknowledging this trial has limitations. It's a small open-label data set. However, as you've heard, we're pretty excited about the results to date. All 4 measures in the majority of patients improved, which is strongly validating in terms of overall clinical benefit.

The magnitude of the mean BMI change in adults was modest, but let's put that in some context. The best data to date historically in Prader-Willi, as we discussed on the December call, has been the Beloranib data. As shown on Slide 18, you can see the weight decrease at 6 months of 4% to 5% in the low and high dose groups, respectively. The HQ-CT results showed a 6- to 7-point decrease on average.

Importantly, the placebo patients gained, as Dr. Miller highlighted would be expected given the natural history, gained 4% in weight. The HQ-CT results in the placebo patients showed an initial change consistent with the placebo effect, which had returned to baseline at 6 months, suggesting that any placebo effect was gone by that time point. Despite the absence of a control group, our results compare favorably with the results shown in that trial.

When you factor in that the Beloranib study was only in patients greater than equal to 12 with a minimal HQ-CT score of 13 or greater and excluded patients with uncontrolled diabetes, for example, including those requiring insulin and that only 40% to 45% of the patients were on growth hormone, that trial may have selected for a population more likely to see weight change and improvement in HQ-CT.

So in summary, what do we know? We know that the MC4R biology is part of the disease. The improvements in BMI and BMI-Z, the consistent or even more pronounced decrease in fat mass -- the consistent clinically meaningful improvement in HQ-CT, particularly in patients who had baseline scores greater than 13, accompanied by corresponding improvements in the anxiety distress scores are highly validating for a meaningful improvement in the disease. There's a reason these patients want to stay on treatment.

So these results, number three, were observed in a potentially more challenging Prader-Willi population than may have participated in some of the earlier trials. And four, finally, the data strongly support moving to a Phase III program with confidence that we can achieve statistically significant and clinically meaningful results on both hyperphagia scores and weight-related measures.

So with regard to next steps, as previously discussed, we will proceed to Phase III clinical trial with a final decision as to which therapeutic agent to be made later this year. We have received many appropriate questions on our development strategy. We started the Prader-Willi program believing the MC4R pathway is central to the hyperphagia weight gain seen in Prader-Willi. That has been confirmed.

The recent VYKAT approval for hyperphagia establishes a pathway for approval, which is more efficient, 4 to 6 months in duration than a weight loss trial of 52 weeks. We can imagine running 2 trials, one focused on hyperphagia with weight and DEXA results as key secondaries and a second focused on BMI/BMI-Z endpoints with DEXA and HQ-CT scores as key secondaries. These plans will all be finalized, further finalized after discussion with the FDA. With that, we will now open the call up for general Q&A.

[Operator Instructions] comes from Tazeen Ahmad with Bank of America.

So I wanted to ask about the evidence that you're seeing of continued improvement over time. So can you help us get a sense about what the trajectory of weight loss has been, let's say, from month 3 to month 6? And I'm asking mostly because it seems like physicians want to see something around 5% more -- 5% or more in the range of weight loss -- sorry, or BMI reduction for these patients. So that's a question for both David and Dr. Miller as well.

Yes. Thanks,. Yes. So this is not HO, and I think we all got a little bit spoiled there with HO given the dramatic and profound ongoing response in that setting. So your first part of the question was what's the general pattern? The pattern is down. So the mean at 3 months was about 1.5% decrease and the mean at 6 months was 3%. And as I think most of you know on the call, I'm not a big fan of mean values in very small data sets because a small number of outliers can skew all that. But the general pattern is very clearly down, albeit at a much more gradual overall pace. And then -- I'm sorry, what was the other part of that?

The 5%.

Oh, the 5%, yes. So the approval here, this is very clear. And I think given the Prader-Willi is not general obesity, it's not HO, the regs as we have highlighted on previous calls and answering this question is a 5% placebo adjusted. And so at 3% at 6 months and with a -- if you use a 2% to 4% increase in a placebo group, which would seem to be very reasonable, and I ask Dr. Miller to comment on that, I think the possibility that 52 weeks, we could clear a 5% placebo-adjusted change in weight is extremely high.

But I'll -- one last thing before I turn it over to Dr. Miller, rare diseases, approvals, regulatory reviews are about the totality of the evidence. You don't rise and fall on one single measure. And given the unmet medical need here and the consistency across results, again, I think we'd be very well positioned to make a strong case for the clinical benefit here. But maybe...

No, I 100% agree. And I was going to say something very similar because right now, we don't have anything that can get BMI down at all other than severe food restriction, locking people up, locking their kitchens and refrigerators, putting them in special institutions where they're on a 600-calorie diet. Those are not sustainable nor feasible solutions.

This offers a sustainable solution with a continuing decline in BMI and BMI-Z. And so I actually view this data as really positive. I also got spoiled by HO and wanted to see more than a 5% loss, but it was slower and steadier in Prader-Willi syndrome, and people are happy with that. The parents and the individuals themselves are pleased with the results.

[Operator Instructions] It comes from the line of Phil Nadeau with TD Cowen.

Congratulations. The consistency in particular, is really impressive. Dr. Miller, you made the comment that this isn't a typical Prader-Willi population. It's maybe somewhat more severe than normal. We're curious how you think the results would therefore trend in a more normal population. I guess we could see it going either way in that maybe they're easier to treat, so you see bigger BMI and hyperphagia reductions or the opposite, if there's less room for improvement, maybe there's a ceiling effect. So curious to get your thoughts on that.

Yes. I think you're right the first time. I think actually, they'll probably be a little bit easier to treat. And so you'll likely see more profound effects of the drug than you are seeing in this population. Again, these are sort of my worst and my worst. I do think these represent a very significant subset of individuals with Prader-Willi from across the country and across the world.

These individuals are not unique in any way. They're fairly unique to my patient population in that they are the worst of the worst for my patient population. But overall, these are fairly common problems that we see with Prader-Willi syndrome around the world. So -- but I do think if we include people that are a little bit more mild, the effects will be even more dramatic.

Our next question is from Derek Archila with Wells Fargo.

Congrats on the data. Just to your comments, David, as we think about the development plan for potentially maybe 2 trials or 2 different types of trials, I guess, how do you anticipate maybe different enrollment criteria? It seems like HQ-CT of greater than 13 for a 6-month trial seems very reasonable. But for a 12-month trial maybe focused on BMI, would you expand criteria beyond greater than 13 HQ-CT? Or would you have some sort of BMI baseline criteria? That would be helpful to know.

Yes. I'll let Dr. Miller chime in here. But initially, yes, so to run the HQ-CT without as a primary endpoint, by definition, you do -- we do what everybody else has done, which is restricted to patients who have a certain level of baseline severity. I think if you remember from the VYKAT, they even stratified for level of severity above the 13. So -- and those -- the higher you are, the worse you are, the greater the opportunity to improve if you have a drug that's actually working there.

I think it's an interesting question on the weight trial. And to be honest, we haven't gotten any feedback from the FDA. And in these kind of diseases, I'm quoting you what's sort of generally required for weight loss trials and what we've been asked for some of our other indications. But we'll see if we need to do a full 52-week trial. I would go in again and just make the case that, that may or may not be what is in the best interest of patient population. But if we do, and that's the primary, then yes, you might want to open it up and not restrict it only to patients with an HQ-CT greater than 13 because there's clearly patients who have an unmet need will have lower scores than that. So...

I agree. I agree. And patients that are on VYKAT are going to obviously have lower HQ-CT scores coming in, but many of them still are suffering from obesity and metabolic consequences of obesity and behavior stuff. So I think this drug represents a really nice adjunct therapy to that. And so David and I have had some discussions at length about whether or not HQ-CT should be the primary endpoint for weight, BMI, DEXA scan. And so hence, the discussion of possibly doing 2 different trials to see to sort of pull out all that information from this population.

Our next question comes from Seamus Fernandez with Guggenheim Securities.

So just wanted to get a sense of if you have a robust sense of the compliance in this trial. It seems like if there were compliance challenges, once weekly could have a meaningful incremental benefit and probably be quite a bit easier to track from a compliance perspective in the actual clinical study. So just hoping to get a better sense of your tracking of the compliance in this patient population given some of the variability.

So overall compliance was excellent. People with Prader-Willi have a lot of compulsive tendencies, and they like to take medicines. And so having a daily injection was not a big deal for most of them. And they also -- many of them, as David mentioned, are on growth hormone. So they were used to already having a daily injection. It didn't bother them. The 2 that we suspected more noncompliance in #1 and #5, again, both were in difficult family situations.

And patient #1 was on a once-weekly GLP-1 at one point in time, it didn't do much of anything for her mostly because she didn't take it because she didn't remember once a week to take it. And so once a week tends to be challenging for this population more than you would think, especially more than the general population because they like to do things routinely. And so having the routine of doing something daily actually works for most of them.

Our next question is from Corinne Johnson with Goldman Sachs.

Congrats on the data. I guess one question for me, Dr. Miller. You mentioned that these patients are seeing improvements in behavior. I guess what do you attribute those behavior changes to? Do you think it's a direct mechanism of the MC4R agonism? Or is it a result of the broader reduction in food noise?

It's a very good question, and I don't know the answer. We did also see it in the HO population as well and the genetic obesity population. People reported similar things. So it wasn't really surprising other than it was surprising to watch it happen. People -- again, the people that were in this trial were very, very severe, first few months of the trial, throwing things screaming, yelling and watching that improve was stunning.

And some of the parents really are just beyond thrilled with the changes in this. And they said, I didn't like my child for a while and now I like them again. They're easier to deal with. And so I don't know the answer. It's the long and the short of it, but it -- it was kind of consistent across all the setmelanotide trials we've done. And so it leads me to believe it's something about the drug itself or the agonism of the melanocortin-4 receptor that does this, but I did find it really exciting and nice to see happen.

Yes. Maybe to that point, just you said you and I have talked about this. I mean the HO population, this increased desire to do things, be active, call it energy, whatever, didn't seem to tightly correlate with weight. It wasn't that they've been and are feeling better.

Right, exactly. And we saw behavior changes there, too, in a very positive manner as well. So yes.

Okay. Next question?

And it comes from Mike Ulz with Morgan Stanley.

This is Rohit on for Mike. Just based on these results, can you talk about the bar for results at 1 year? Is it still greater than a 5% reduction? And have you had any additional discussions with the regulators?

Yes. So just to be clear, we haven't had any discussions with the regulators. What I've repeated and I feel pretty confident because, again, those are the regs that if 5% placebo adjusted is the bar in terms of decreasing BMI or decreasing weight. So -- but I do, and I'll say it again, this is the kind of setting where it's a totality of the evidence that regulators will look at. And so it's very important, and that's why we've highlighted on today's results, what makes us very excited about this setting is how consistent the results were.

It wasn't that we got a little bit of movement on BMI and not much else happened. No, we had directional improvement across all 4 measures. And I think as Dr. Miller highlighted, that's pretty meaningful and the behavior assessments are a big part of that. So yes, I think the bar, that's the bar for 52 weeks.

And the next question is from Samantha Semankov with Citi.

This is Ben on for Sam. Just curious, are you seeing any early patterns in age or HQ-CT or PADQ that might differentiate the patients that responded stronger in the study?

Yes. I mean I'll go first, and Dr. Miller can tell me if this sounds right. I think for both of those, they tended to move relatively quickly, the HQ-CT score and the PADQ. Now to the point that you see placebo effects early on in Prader-Willi, that initial movement, you wouldn't know was that a placebo effect or not. What gives us confidence is that, that initial move has really persisted. I mean it hasn't even drifted back essentially in all the patients. I mean it's held at that initial drop.

And that, again, is very consistent with what we've seen in the other populations we've treated. Bardet-Biedl syndrome for 16 weeks, we saw the drop in the hunger scores and then it just maintained and HO similarly. And so it wasn't that these scores don't tend to go down over the course of a year. They tend to get the effect and then that effect persists. But...

I think that's correct. That sounds correct. I would say I do think the effects on increasing movement in physical activity on purpose that they're choosing to do more physical activity happens at about 3 to 6 months. We start to see more of that. So I'm very curious to follow these results out to a year because that should result in more meaningful changes in BMI as well.

Our next question is from John Wolleben with Citizens.

Just one for Dr. Miller. I'm wondering which one of these measures do patients and or parents care most about?

Honestly, behavior. I think that's a big one. Of course, weight and BMI are very important to them as well. They love seeing the results of the DEXA, like when we get DEXA, they're very excited to go and see those. So I mean, there's a lot of things. I think these families, all of them have been through a lot with hyperphagia and various hyperphagia-related analysis measures.

And so I think that one is not quite as important to them as the changes in anxiety, behaviors, temper tantrums and body composition. But again, I think the biggest thing for everybody is quality of life. I think quality of life dramatically improves, and that's remarkable.

Yes. And John, I just want to highlight again, I think as Dr. Miller said, that's clearly what patients may value. We haven't had questions yet to date or so far on the call about the DEXA scans. But that's the other piece of this, which I think we -- I found really compelling here is that body composition is improving and the percent decrease in the fat mass, which was really consistent. And some of the variables Dr. Miller highlighted that may impact the measurement of a weight in BMI, like edema, water shifts and the like, constipation. I mean those are transient measures, but they impact how you measure those. The DEXA scan is a more reliable assessment of what's changing. And again, directionally and meaningfully, that fat mass was going down with, which is what we've seen in our other trials with setmelanotide, relative preservation of the mass. So, Next question.

Our next question comes from the line of Paul Matteis with Stifel.

Congrats on the data update. One question on the next steps on the trial side. David, are you thinking that you might try to pursue a randomized withdrawal study given that, that was a path for Soleno and just given the history of those studies having a higher POS? And then one quick question for Dr. Miller. When you think about this mechanism, does it make sense that weight loss would continue to build and be linear from month 6 to 12? Or would you think that most of the benefits would have already accrued on BMI by month 6?

So would we do a randomized withdrawal? I think the -- Dr. Miller is shaking her head. I think if you remember, as I understand it, again, just reading with public in terms of the VYKAT trial, that ran into the COVID situation. And so there are some unique aspects of that whole setting, and they end up negotiating a randomized withdrawal with the FDA. But no, I think we just run a straight-up trial, and I think this data would support the fact that we'd be able to see a meaningful difference there. And maybe Dr. Miller, just on from month 6 to 12.

Yes. So I think it's -- we've had what 5 patients complete 12 months now, and the trend has continued in terms of weight loss over that time. So I expect it to continue to build and to continue to improve.

Just to be clear on that, we haven't released the 5 patients.

Sorry.

But the -- in that 5 are the patients # 1 and 5. So -- but the other 3, to your point, have continued to trend down in patients 1 and 5, their situations are stable. So, next question.

The next question comes from Joseph Stringer with Needham & Company.

Apologies if I missed this, but how many of the 17 patients at 6 months titrated up to the 5 mg level? And on average, how long was that titration period? And then for Dr. Miller, assuming for now that the go-forward option in Phase III is the setmelanotide once-daily injection. Can you compare and contrast this with oral VYKAT in terms of balancing benefit and convenience in a real-world setting?

Maybe just on the dosing here and Dr. Miller can chime in. I think a significant percent of the patients did get up to 5. I think where, as I understand it from Dr. Miller, the talking to the families, they sort of settled out in the 4 to 4.5 milligram range at the point where they feel better, but I don't know.

That's correct. I'd say the great majority on 4 to 4.5, 5 didn't seem to do much above 4 or 4.5. So in the spirit of less is better, we went down on the dosing because it was -- if all things being equal, I'd prefer to give a lower dose to have less risk for side effects. The question about the once-a-week setmelanotide versus VYKAT is very difficult for me to answer because I don't know the answer. Again, I know that people with Prader-Willi do well with routine.

So compliance with VYKAT tends to be excellent in the clinical population with a real-world situation because it's a once-a-day pills that they take and they like to put things in their mouth, but that works. But we haven't really -- I haven't really had a lot of experience with once-weekly either growth hormone or even the GLP-1s, which we do not use very commonly in Prader-Willi. Simply because the once-weekly growth hormone is not FDA approved for Prader-Willi syndrome. And so we don't very often get insurance approval, so we use daily. So I just don't have a lot of experience with once-weekly injections to know the level of compliance at this point in time.

Great. Next question.

Yes. It comes from the line of Lisa Walter with RBC.

Congrats on the data. Maybe one for Dr. Miller. In your experience, for a patient not on treatment, what is the average BMI gain likely to be in adults over 52 weeks? And do HQ-CT scores also change over time as well? And -- maybe just one for David. On your Phase III plans for Prader-Willi, are you going to move forward with setmelanotide or RM-718? Any color here would be helpful.

I'll take first. Yes. So in general, adults with Prader-Willi tend to gain around 3% BMI per year. That's pretty average. There's some variability there. It can be more, it can be less depending on environment. Of course, if they're in a group home where everything is restricted, obviously, that's not the situation. But in free living adults with Prader-Willi, there is a consistent gain in BMI through each year. And so that's what I would expect to see. What was the second part of the question?

So I'm just curious, actually, and I haven't talked about it specifically. As the Prader-Willi patients get older and become more challenging just physically to manage, that in a home setting, does their weight tend to go up more quickly?

Absolutely, it does. And also, they become more sedentary, their parents are getting older. They're tired, the families are tired of doing this. And so there's not as much pushback about the food and about the exercise and that kind of stuff. And so things just tend to spiral in a very negative way in general. Yes.

Which makes the results we saw in the adults even more...

Even more -- exactly.

Okay. And Lisa, I think your last question was just on which drug are we going to use? And I apologize for still kicking this out because we can obviously use setmelanotide, approved drug, and we've got this data now. And as I said many times, all things being equal, we'd love to do it with the next generation. You've heard some thoughts from Dr. Miller on the pros and cons of a weekly versus a daily. Bivamelagon is obviously a daily oral. So those are all considerations. So we'll make a decision by the end of the year or later this year and put a date on it, but all three things are still under consideration.

Our next question comes from Raghuram Selvaraju with H.C. Wainwright.

I guess these are both really for Dr. Miller. When you think about the possibility of combining a drug like setmelanotide or like 718 with any existing component of the PWS armamentarium? What kind of factors are likely to most affect your decision-making process there? Is it likely to be primarily the safety and tolerability profile or the additive or possibly synergistic efficacy that you might achieve there?

And then also, maybe could you comment on the specific PWS patient subpopulation for whom, for whatever reason, primarily related to safety, perhaps a drug like VYKAT XR might be contraindicated and how likely those patients might be to be candidates for therapy with a drug like setmelanotide or 718?

Those are exactly the patients that I want on setmelanotide are the ones that have medical contraindications to going on VYKAT for the reasons of type 2 diabetes, severe obesity with edema already existing so that the risk profile of VYKAT would be exacerbated. I think the answer to your first question is actually both of those things. I think one of the things that I look at as me is the additive effect of multiple drugs. I like that idea.

And mechanistically, it makes sense with VYKAT and setmelanotide that there would be a synergistic effect of those drugs. And then -- but I also, of course, look at safety and tolerability. One of the things that I think is the most challenging for most peds endos who take care or even adult endos who take care of people with Prader-Willi is that the polypharmacy with psych drugs is humongous. And many, many, many, many, many adults are on atypical antipsychotics, which, of course, worsen the metabolic profile and the weight gain and the risk for type 2 diabetes.

And so having something like setmelanotide in the armamentarium that you could potentially lessen those risks is huge. And like I said, we saw one person come off of their atypical antipsychotic completely during this trial during the 6 months. And we've seen several reduce their doses quite significantly. So that alone, I think, is huge for me because those medicines are kind of the bane of my existence in terms of being an endocrinologist, but are necessary in terms of controlling symptoms for patients with Prader-Willi.

So I think that -- again, I think that both factors would come into play, both safety and efficacy, but also the potential additive effects of more than one drug. And then lastly is the effects of maybe ameliorating the consequences of a drug that's necessary for a different reason.

And our last question comes from the line of Leland Gershell with Oppenheimer.

Great to see these positive data. I wanted to ask a question on dosing. I think, Dave, you had mentioned that these patients have gotten up to, I think, 4 to 4.5. And I think the -- up to the maximum potential was 5 per day. I wanted to ask Dr. Miller, do you think that there would be room for greater efficacy benefit with a more selective MC4R? I guess if we look at the table on 16 of the AEs, are we hitting adverse events that are preventing patients from getting dosed further? Do you think there might be room for greater efficacy in PWS with a more ideal melanocortin?

Yes. Thanks, Leland. Maybe I'll lead off here and then let Dr. Miller comment. So setmelanotide is a highly specific MC4R, it hits MC1, but it has very good potency at the MC4R receptor. It's about tenfold more potent than the endogenous ligand alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone. And so we've been pretty convinced that it's not clear there's a lot of room to do better in terms of pure MC4R agonism.

And so back to why did we go up to 5, and we've done most of our work, as you all know, between 1 and 3 milligrams is the dosing regimen that's the approved regimen. We have safety clearance and tested as high as 7 mgs in patients with -- or normal volunteers with no problem. So going to 5, the goal there was to eliminate any possibility that we had left some efficacy on the table by not going high enough. And I think this trial has gone a long way to giving us some reassurance that we're in the right range. And the last thing I'll just say on the safety, what again is very reassuring is they seem to tolerate it well. So there weren't any unique safety issues going to the higher dose, but...

Yes. And like I said, I -- when people went down from the 5 down to 4 or 4.5, it was mostly just because they didn't perceive any additional benefit from being on 5 versus 4 or 4.5. And so they -- I've taught all patients that we don't want to put more stuff in your kids body than you have to do. So we -- if they didn't perceive any efficacy over a couple of months on 5 milligrams, then we would bring their dose back down to 4.5 to see how they did. And then if they still said, I think we were about the same on 4, we would bring it down to 4...

And this concludes our Q&A session. And I will turn the call back to David Meeker for closing comments.

Yes. So thanks again to everybody for tuning in. Hopefully, you're as excited as we are. Again, it's a tough population, but really encouraged by this initial data set and look forward to updating you on future progress on the program. Thanks all.

Thank you. And this concludes our conference. Thank you for participating, and you may now disconnect.

All right. Good afternoon, everyone. Thanks for joining us at the Goldman Sachs Global Healthcare Conference. Thrilled to be joined on stage today with David Meeker, the CEO of Rhythm. And we are thrilled to be hosting you ahead of -- I'm going to get this one out of the way early on, ahead of the ENDO conference this week where you're going to be sharing data for Prader-Willi. We would love to talk to you about it about what are you going to be able to say?

Thanks, Corinne. Excited to be here, right? We're really looking forward to Saturday. We have our 6-month data from the open-label study, and patient study run by Dr. Miller of the University of Florida. We presented some very early results last December. We'll now be presenting the full 17-patient data set at 6 months with this group. And our goal will be to -- our goal, we are presenting 4 different data points for each patient. We have almost a complete set on the DEXA.

But basically, every patient, you'll have their weight change, the BMI or BMI-Z for the kids, the DEXA scan results, which gives you the fat and the lean changes; and then 2 patient-reported outcomes, one, HQ-CT of course. And the second is a PADQ questionnaire, which measures anxiety and distress. And so those will be, we'll give you, like I said, the data for each patient and people will have the full picture with that.

We're not in a position to talk more about it at this conference, needless to say, because we're so close to Saturday, and there's no real good way to answer even hypothetical questions. So we're going to defer on those.

All right, and gentle plug that you can join us for dinner post that meeting on Saturday night, and if you'd like to do that, reach out to your salesperson. Okay. With that, let's talk about the HO launch because that's also super topical these days. And maybe just given kind of the audience, we could talk first about just HO was approved in March or IMCIVREE was approved for HO in March. And it was the third approved indication for the drug. But for those not familiar, can you just remind us about the data that supported that approval? And what made it on label relative to your expectations and clinical results?

Yes. So also excited to get that approval in March, which was a 3-month delay on our PDUFA date. I think caught up a little bit in some of the changes in Washington. But the label that we got was a good label. We had been -- we were trying, as we do each time to get a hunger into the indication statement. We were again unsuccessful. And I think the biggest reason is when the FDA, as they've explained it, to get something in the indication statement, you really need hunger to one, be in your primary endpoint. It was, in this case, a key secondary, but also we study in that trial, as people remember, kids as young as 4 years of age and individuals as old as 66. And so having one patient reported outcome measure for that full range, you don't -- you have different measures. And so we ended up having subsets of populations and they don't tend to give you an indication based on subsets.

So for that reason, hunger didn't get into the indication statement, but it is in the label. So -- and that's really only an issue, and I'll get back to the launch here in a minute, but that's only really an issue for our conversations with Medicare specifically. Medicare by statute does not cover weight loss drugs. And so anything in the indication statement, which would help differentiate us from a more general obesity -- anti-obesity medication.

We've talked to CMS and they're very receptive and they understand what we are trying to do and they understand our drug is different, but that they felt bound by statute. So from a label standpoint, we got pretty much everything we want, no real restrictions on the label. It's not defined by the requirement for imaging, for example, and the like. It's acquired hypothalamic obesity. So we feel really good about where we ended up coming out of the regulatory process. And then we talked about it on our first quarter earnings call, the initial 6 weeks of launch. I don't know if we want to dive into that now. I'm happy to offer comments or turn it back to you for some more questions.

Yes, let's get there. But first, I just want to talk about the market opportunity? Because I think when you started introducing this, it was very much 5,000 to 10,000 and as we've gotten closer to the launch and then since launch, I think you guys have solidified around that 10,000 number. So maybe you could talk about what kind of gave -- what are the kind of puts and takes that give you confidence in that 10,000 number. And what have you learned now that you're on market in terms of kind of understanding the market opportunity there?

Yes. So I'll back up and speak a little bit generally about how we get to rare disease epidemiology numbers, and I'll use BBS as an example. When we came out with BBS, it was sort of, I think, 2500 [indiscernible] that number and I maybe even be misquoting there, but it was a little lower than where we are now. And a couple of things informed our increase to 4,000 to 5,000, which is a number -- prevalent number that we feel really good about for the U.S. only. And so one is we were doing more genetic screening. So that informed us based on what we felt was the prevalence of the background genetics there actually got us to a significantly larger number. Two, the prevalence of the disease in Europe and the U.S., we felt was highly similar, so much better understanding of the prevalence of the disease in France, for example.

So we could take the French number and then correct on a population basis for the U.S. So that gave us a second data point. And then third, which is, I think, really important and part of the answer to the HO is I think, when people do rare disease epidemiology, almost invariably, it's rare and not a lot of work has been done. So it tends to be poor in the published literature and the like. And I think you tend to fall in 1 of 2 buckets. And one is either you're trying to inflate your numbers a bit to make a business case. But when you get out in the field, it's really hard to find those patients. Or alternatively, you're sort of working straight up from whatever poor epidemiology you have, and then that epidemiology tends to be larger than what you estimate, not smaller just because inherently, these early estimates tend to underestimate it.

I think we're in the second bucket there. So when we went out with our 5,000 to 10,000 estimate, that was very much predicated on sort of the literature kind of review and the like. We then did claims analysis, not just in the U.S. but outside the U.S. So we had claims analysis in Germany. We had claims analysis in Japan. We can talk about that. But on cross populations, all of that was very reinforcing that the numbers on the higher side, 10,000 as opposed to 5,000. And then just very important is once we had people in the field, they were finding patients. They were getting strong feedback that the patients were there and the gestalt of that these numbers estimate there's a 10,000-ish prevalent population.

And in terms of like where these patients are treated, can you remind us like where are these patients? Who are the target physicians? And how have you guys tiered your commercial strategy relative to the target physician population?

Yes. So one, we just knew based on the problem here which is majority of individuals having a tumor, benign tumor that gets resected, and the complications of that surgery are 80% plus of them have pituitary insufficiency. So by definition, that group tends to be taken care of by endocrinology. Even if they're not their primary, they will see an endo every 6 to 12 months as a rule kind of thing. So we expected them to be in the endocrinologists offices. And then when we did claims analysis and this is where you've got a very hard starting point, which is the injury, most often the tumor and the surgery and the like.

So you can identify that population very reliably. You can figure out what percentage or who are the patients who have pituitary insufficiency and then you begin to you get into obesity coding and the like, which is a little less reliable because that doesn't necessarily tell you that, that obesity is due to HO, but you're really starting to narrow the funnel there. So based on that, Jennifer and her North American team, tiered physicians based on -- and were appropriately focused on those who had more than 2 patients basically. So that was our 5,000-ish patients, and we've built a sales force with a goal of targeting that 5,000 out of the 10,000-plus endos overall. So that's...

So then as you've gotten out into the market, you're talking to these physicians, what have you learned in terms of physician feedback about their enthusiasm for the drug, the patients that they're willing to put on it and how they're thinking about adoption?

Yes. High, and as I said, very reinforcingly many investors and the analysts and the like, do their own work. And I think everybody is pretty much getting the same feedback and what we're hearing in the office is a huge amount of interest, surprising to me anyway, lack of awareness in many settings. And if you think about acquired HO, it's not one of those things that many or most endocrinologists were trained on during fellowship. It's a clear disease, but haven't been given a name. And what will drive that awareness, as is often the case, is the availability of the therapy.

So before there was a treatment, if you think about an individual with a craniopharyngioma now getting ready to go to surgery, they will be told that, a, not a single patient coming out of surgery will be -- if they have hypothyroidism, it will not be missed. 100% of those patients will have their hypothyroid status diagnosed. And secondly, almost all of them will have been educated about that possibility going into surgery. A very low percentage of patients today are educated about the possibility of developing acquired HO.

So why is that there's no therapy? So you're creating -- this is one view what we hear and the like is you're creating anxiety within the family for a problem that there's nothing to do about. You may have this problem, wow, it sounds horrible, but yes, there's not much we can do. Now there's something to do. So I think all of those things will greatly accelerate. So back to your question, what we're hearing going in is a huge amount of interest, bulk of the -- majority of the patients are probably in the suspected category, not confirmed diagnosis. They need to come in and get it. Getting into doctors' offices are sometimes hard to get into previously, and those are busy. But now our field team is getting in there much more reliably.

Okay. So then with all of that in the background, you disclosed 150 patient start forms in early May. That was about 6 weeks into the launch. Can you help us bridge from the patient start forms into revenue as well as like what can you share qualitatively about the trajectory of patient starts since the last update?

Yes. I mean as you know, and we've gotten feedback on this, there's aspects of this opportunity, which are very specialty like and that's a huge advantage for an ultra-rare disease, and this is at 10,000, that's still ultrarare by any definition. But the specialty like aspect of this is a, if they're not diagnosed, they have a presentation/phenotype, which is very diagnosable. I mean, it's not hard to recognize once you know what they're looking for, and they are concentrated in the specialty. So they are extremely approachable. Our ability to penetrate into that should be high.

On the other side of the equation, which is the -- we have many of the challenges of a classic ultra rare, which is day 1, awareness is still relatively low. A lot of work to do. Two, access to the physicians who will be writing the script, still challenging. It's not like endos have big open spaces in their clinic day where patients can just come in and get their scripts written. Three, it's an ultra-rare, so like there's no difference necessarily from anything else where it's a prior auth, you have to go through, you have to get policies in place. And so for BBS the average time out of the gate, so getting a patient from a script to approval in about 3 months.

Now average. So some patients went through much more quickly. Some took longer. And the longer ones were the multiple appeals that took you out into the farther than that. I'd say our very early start here has been very much what we expected, which is a little easier than BBS, not surprisingly. They know the drug, most of these payers and the disease itself is clearly more severe at one level than what the BBS patients are experiencing. So all of that, I think, bodes well for what we expect to have as broad coverage similar to what we have for BBS.

Okay. So I guess with that in mind, maybe be a little bit more specific. When do you anticipate having most of the coverage plans in place? And in the interim, what should we anticipate with respect to reimbursement?

Yes. So 6 to 12 months, using BBS as an example. They don't want to -- a new drug gets approved, they don't call a committee meeting, you just get reviewed whenever their formulary committees come up to do their review. So I think 6 to 12 months.

Okay. And what do you anticipate in terms of like gross to net over time once these coverage plans are in place and any other kind of free drug aspects we should keep in mind?

Yes. So we don't discount and haven't and don't anticipate doing that going forward. Our gross-to-net is driven very much off the Medicaid population, which has a mandatory discount, as you know. So that will be the same here. We don't have a good feeling for the size of the Medicaid population. It was large in BBS, a significant part of our overall population. I think there's reasons to believe it might be a little smaller.

Conversely, the Medicare population may be a little bit larger given the fact that you have a relatively normal survival, and we have almost very few, if any, over 65 Medicare-eligible patients in BBS. Maybe we will have some here.

Okay. How should we think about compliance and adherence, like maybe relative to your other launches or based on any color you can provide in HO and maybe talk specifically about that hyperpigmentation piece. Or any other things that you think are big drivers of compliance and adherence over time?

Yes. I mean this is a group where the, if anything, I think the adherence will be higher than it was with BBS, although I think it was quite good in BBS overall. The difference here is you've got a population who had a known "before state" when they were normal. Now they've experienced the abnormal and desperately want to get back to the normal state, and so they start feeling better. And so all of those things, I think, are strong contributors towards what we would anticipate would be high levels of adherence.

The hyperpigmentation in BBS, which is our major experience, about 5% to 6% of patients discontinue because of hyperpigmentation, not a huge number out of the total, of course. I think there's likely to be maybe some meaningful part of the population, which is on the sidelines. And so we look forward to the next-generation therapies is bring in on the BBS world. And BBS is a complicated disease. In HO, and talking to some of the KOLs, I mean, some of the feedback is, yes, they just don't care. I mean they're just happy to be. So I'm guessing it will be less here. It won't be 0.

Okay. What about the kind of motivation to get on drug between pediatric and adult populations and any other kind of differences between those 2 groups of people, whether it's the physician or the patients?

Yes. I don't know yet. I mean you can hypothesize reasonably that kids there may be a greater motivation. They've got their parents there, helping to get them in. On the other hand peds endo, there's fewer of them, maybe the availability, office slots may dictate that. I think if you're living with this problem and you know you have it, it's going to be pretty high, whether you're an adult. I think the group that may be more challenged is if you're out 20 years from your insult and you don't have a diagnosis, you may just not know and so.

One of the things that we see sometimes in rare disease launches is this concept of like a bolus, et cetera. I guess how do you think about whether that's something that could play out in the HO launch versus, I think, what you characterized in prior launches as slow and steady growth?

Yes. So I think I'll characterize HO as steady. We can take out the slow part -- but it's -- every launch, there will be a segment of the population that can see it coming and a bit of pent-up demand. But -- and we can't tell you that first 6 weeks experience reflected an element of that. I'm sure it did to a small extent. But the ingredients that are here and the opportunity says, no, we didn't get a big bolus and now it's going to taper off.

I mean this was a really good start. We feel good about it, but we are looking for steady growth here going forward. And the other thing we'll constantly endlessly say this, right? The rare disease launch don't beat us up in the quarters. It's -- we will be up and down around whatever the expectations may be. That's a rare disease launch. But the overall opportunity here over time is absolutely -- we're more and more bullish about that opportunity, the more we learn about it.

Okay. So recognizing you can't talk about the Prader-Willi data coming this year, but maybe we could talk about the opportunity set that you see in Prader-Willi, why was this an indication that you thought worth kind of pursuing from a development perspective? And how do you envision the role setmelanotide could play in that population?

Yes. I mean, it's like every company, and certainly the way I thought about being in this industry is you want to be addressing unmet needs. We -- I've never been a sort of me to kind of strategy in terms of -- that's not really what we do or certainly probably don't do well. So Prader-Willi, huge unmet medical need and incredibly complicated disease. The biology that got us interested as people remember, we ran that trial in the late teens and our initial read on that was -- it was negative. But when we went back and looked at it and looked at the patients on the highest dose for the longest period, the famous 8 weeks, 4 patients, 3 out of those 4 patients, some did have a response. And so it gave us some encouragement that -- and we know that MAGEL2, for example, one of the genes that is affected in a Prader-Willi patient is a gene that's part of the signaling through this MC4R pathway. We studied MAGEL2 in our DAYBREAK and in the 3 patients who we had confirmed evidence that they have true loss of function. That was encouraging. They had a reasonable response.

And so yes, so I think the biology is likely to be embedded. The challenge with Prader-Willi is it's so complex and you have multiple genes that are affected. There's a lot of other most specifically the behaviors and the most -- one of the most challenging aspects is compulsive part of it, which is I use the example, as you know, around if you're hardwired to have a snack at 10:00 a.m. And even if you're not hungry, you remove that part of the drive, I still -- that's part of my structured day, I want that snack. So there's a lot of reasons why studying the drug has been challenging here for everybody going into it. But biologically, that's why big unmet need, and I think there's a chance we can make a difference, so.

One of the questions we fielded in the past has been kind of the clinical relevance of weight losses as an endpoint versus hyperphagia. How do you think about weight loss as a primary endpoint in Prader-Willi trials and the relevance that would then translate for a commercial product?

Yes. I mean we were clear. I was clear when we went into this, that -- we have a drug which has the ability to impact weight. And we -- and that's a -- no drug is approved for that. And clearly, a big part of their unmet medical need. And so that, for sure, would be part of a development program going forward. But I think the Soleno experience and what the majority of the companies that have been working to develop a drug for have pursued, one is, hyperphagia is a big part of the challenge just for the families and the patient. How to manage that, given all their behavioral challenges. Two, is the fact that with Soleno now Neurocrine diazoxide approval, that set a precedent. And so you -- there's a paradigm out there now where you can run a hyperphagia trial that's shorter, so 4 to 6 months as opposed to weight loss trials, which are 52 weeks. So I think if we do something, we would certainly look at both approaches.

Okay. In terms of how you're sizing the commercial opportunity in Prader-Willi, how should we think about it relative to maybe like HO or other indications you currently have in development? And what have you learned with now approved products on that market in terms of the size of market enthusiasm to treat, et cetera?

Well, I'll take that. I mean, I think the experience of the diazoxide choline out of the gate was -- that was pretty remarkable, but not surprising in that this is a community that is very strong. I mean they've been together for a long time. They're very well organized. They provide tremendous support to any company that's trying to develop a drug. So they're following all programs, they're hopeful for any treatment. And so to get the approval. That was just a huge win for the community, very well known within the community, pent-up demand for sure. That was one part of the dynamic.

And the second is it's a very distinct disease so they tend to be taken care of by expert centers. They tend to have clinics that they come into. So their ability as patients, families to access the system when the new drug comes out and get a script written is much greater than HO, for example, where it doesn't have that same kind of organized community and access to the health care system in the form of clinics.

With regard to the epidemiology, the whole world -- I think the published literature is pretty good. We've done our own work just to try to understand if there's some nuances we're missing 10,000 to 20,000. I think the addressable population as a starting point, might look at it more around the 10,000 piece of it, a 10,000-person part. But it's clearly in the 10,000 to 20,000 range.

So with VYKAT on market, I guess where do you see the residual unmet need for patients in Prader-Willi and how does that map to what setmelanotide could offer? You've kind of answered some of this, but just put a finer point on that.

Yes. I mean -- so I'm absolutely convinced that drug works, and it's just a very challenging population, number one. So -- and what they showed and got approval on was the hyperphagia piece of this. I think the unmet need again is something -- it may be that you can have greater effects on hyperphagia. So it's not that they fully addressed it. One, maybe no single drug will address it. I mean that's another potential outcome. We talked about the BMI, weight-related issues are not there. They're not -- because of the side effects of diazoxide, they're not indicated or the ability to use in diabetes is more challenging, and you can't. So there's parts of the population where, as with any drug, the profile of the drug may not match up and give you access to the full population. So there remains and there will remain, I think, a huge unmet need here.

And how do you think about a potential combination use of VYKAT and how will that kind of inform potential future studies in terms of inclusion criteria, et cetera?

Meaning learning off what they did...

Well, yes, also like will you allow for combination?

That I will allow. So in the data set we have with Dr. Miller, there's about 9 patients who are -- out of the 17 who are on VYKAT. So people can look at that. It's a small data set, of course, but I don't know, going forward, we'll have to see, we'll get to talk about after.

Okay. On the next-generation program, 718, bivamelagon. I guess, first, we'll see some updated data from the biva 1-year study this weekend as well or that will be highlighted at the conference. Could you talk a little bit about that program, what you've seen and the path from here to registrational trial?

Yes. I mean it's all highly confirmatory. I mean the 1-year data is highly confirmatory. I think the mean values are driven again by -- they're basically about the same as setmelanotide and we had some patients in there, were a small number, the teenage, younger teenage kids who are still struggling a little bit, taking the drug weren't fully compliant. So drug works. I think we've got a good read to the dose. I think there's personally low risk to a Phase III trial. We will run that trial largely outside the U.S.

So depending on which countries you're in, always introduces some variables in terms of getting the trial up and going. But our goal is to get first adult patients treated by the end of the year. And our -- the pediatric formulation, I think, will be available in the first quarter. So what we would do there is the peds part of the trial would come in once that formulation. This is a chewable tablet. So we've significantly improved the size of the tablet, so with our current approach formulation. And as I said, we'll get down to the age 4 with this chewable tablet.

Okay. And how will the registrational program compare to the setmelanotide program in terms of any sort of features there?

Very similar. Again, we'll look at this whole issue of hyperphagia and between -- it will be the key secondary probably and/or, but BMI will be a primary endpoint, as always. So it will be very similar. As you go forward, I think we're going to work harder to get DEXA scans more formally on all patients. There's more and more interest in the quality of weight loss. I think the way our mechanism works, we've done really well on the quality weight loss, which is -- remember, we're not -- we're restoring more normal physiology, which again, if you're a teenage boy, you should put on lean mass. And you see teenage boys [indiscernible] putting on lean mass. And so all of that, I think, is a real positive that we'd like to help the world understand.

Okay. You are also planning to share 718 data in aHO this year. Maybe you could remind us what exactly will be shared, maybe when do you think we could kind of have that data and how it will inform next steps.

Yes. So we'll target the next quarter earnings call. There's about 10-ish patients that we'll have data on. And yes, I mean what people ask what should we look for? I mean, we're looking to see how this compares to setmelanotide and very similar to what we did for bivamelagon. We'll show you that data.

Maybe you could talk a little bit about why these drugs matter from a like broader corporate strategy perspective, why does it matter to have an oral and a weekly injectable in terms of the overall franchise?

Yes. From a patient standpoint, I mean, it's just -- I think there's clear advantages to the oral over a daily injectable and weekly is a weekly. I think from a side effect profile, the biggest difference for these drugs will be the hyperpigmentation. And as I said, I do think it's just not a good way to estimate this, but we will be very interested to see if it unlocks. And I think it will, some percentage of the population -- and of course, from a patent standpoint, this was to move and...

Okay. And as you think about kind of allocating investment dollars behind each of these programs and with multiple indications that you could kind of go into, how are you thinking about prioritizing and selecting which drug for which indication?

Probably in TBD, to be determined category, I think we can all have our opinions about which might be better. I think in general, for a big opportunity like HO, our goal will be approved both, get both approved. But there's no urgency to get both approved. I think we'll move as we are with biv and HO. We don't have to rush out and do 718, for example, in HO. We can get there, but not tomorrow kind of thing. So we would not prioritize that as the next piece. So we'll probably do some other things with HO. For the smaller opportunities like going back to some of the DAYBREAK genes and the like, we will develop one or the other. And because it's unlikely we'd run the 2 trials, it just seems like a bit excessive maybe for a small opportunity. And I don't know, we'll debate it internally why we pick one approach for one of the diseases and another for the another, but...

And with respect to Prader-Willi, can you share at this stage. How you think about 718 versus setmelanotide? Or what data do you need to have in hand before making that decision is maybe an easier question to answer.

Yes. I will refer that to Saturday.

No problem. Maybe how should we think about the funding picture from here in terms of path to profitability or any additional kind of capital needs you might have as you look at a relatively broad now portfolio across MC4R?

So as Hunter likes to say, he can shout out from the audience here. We have more than 24 months of cash, which at 1 level, I think, the analyst population would interpret as enough to get us to profitability. Obviously, it depends on what assumptions you make around revenue and the like that's part of that. That guidance does include a good amount of our developmental work and the like. So it gets back to liquidity whether we'd want to top up -- it's a reasonable question. If we did that, as Hunter would say, we won't do it with equity. There's lots of other instruments and ways to do that, debt certainly being one, given the -- where we are as a company, so.

Okay. So a lot of things to invest behind, but you have done a little bit of BD in the past. I guess what role should we think about BD playing in your forward strategy for the company on maybe like 1-, 3-, 5-year sort of time line?

Yes. So 1 year, we would remain in our current posture, which is completely opportunistic. If somebody came to us was something that they felt Rhythm could provide a unique contribution and/or one of us on the leadership team had insight into, an opportunity, then of course, we would look at that, but we're not actively looking. We have more to do internally than we can process arguably. Three to 5-year time line absolutely. I think building a more specific external facing effort, looking for things that might complement and -- it's all a function of size of the company and increases your ability to do those kind of things and do them well, I think.

As you think about that like 3- to 5-year view, how do you think about the core competencies that Rhythm has and how so it would inform what kind of assets you might be open to bringing in?

Yes. I mean we've been clear, we're not an obesity company. That's certainly not our goal here. What are we good at? I think we are good at rare. And so it's not -- and there's no -- rare doesn't have to be an endocrine rare. It doesn't -- I mean rare is rare. I think that we -- if you have a good solution to an unmet medical need, you can build an effort around it and we would do that. And we're a global organization, we're going direct, I think, which speaks again in almost every place, which speaks to the way we think about it and also the capabilities, particularly of our international team. So I think rare first, but rare is also a blurry line. So I think, depending on how strong we are, we're pretty open to different scenarios.

I think with that, we did it. It was lovely chatting with you. Much appreciate everyone who joined us here and online. Thank you, David.

Thank you, Corinne. Very much appreciate it.

I'm Tazeen Ahmad. I'm one of the senior biotech analysts here at the bank. It's my pleasure to have our next presenting company, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. Sitting up here on stage with me is David Meeker, who is, of course, President and CEO. Welcome.

Thank you.

So for the few people who may not know about the platform of the company, David, maybe you can give us a quick overview, and then we can go into some specifics.

Sure. So Rhythm is a company that was really founded around the melanocortin-4 pathway biology. The drug that's approved for multiple indications is an analogue of the natural hormone that signals through this melanocortin-4 receptor. And what that biology does is very simply is when we eat a meal, our gut hormone signal to the pancreas and to the adipocyte, the adipocyte releases leptin and it goes to the brain, signals down through this part of the hypothalamus, this POMC neuron, which then causes a hormone alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone to be released.

And when that interacts with the receptor, it tells the body you're full and there's food on board. So you can increase your metabolic rate. So if you have impaired signaling through that pathway, you might eat a meal or you eat a meal. The body doesn't get the signal, you're full, so you keep eating. And then perversely, the body thinks you're starving, it's not getting the signals food on board, and so it keeps the metabolic rate low.

So these patients suffer with disproportionate levels of weight gain, and there's multiple different causes of how you get to impairment, some of which are genetic for which we have some approved indication. Some of them are injury directly, and that's our most recent approval, and we'll talk more about that today, acquired hypothalamic obesity. So those are the 2 main categories that we're working on. And as I said, our drug is an analogue of this natural hormone that's in patient or missing.

Okay. So IMCIVREE, we're all looking at for the HO launch now, but it's been on the market for a bit. You previously had smaller indications approved. So maybe let's start off with those. Give us a sense of where you are, where you think you are in penetrating those markets.

Yes. The first approvals, which were in 2020, and as many companies do, particularly in rare diseases, you follow the biology. And so the best example of impaired signaling was patients who had a genetic impairment in this POMC neuron, so biallelic POMC neuron deficiency, if you will. And that population, that one and another one with the leptin receptor, we thought they might be on the order of 2,500 patients epidemiologically. The challenge of that disease is there's no -- aside from this extreme, early-onset obesity, there weren't really any clear signs that, that obesity might be due to a genetic cause as opposed to general obesity.

And of course, we live in an epidemic of obesity. So they don't -- they're lost in the forest truly. I mean, these patients. So they can only really be found with genetic screening. We've done genetic screening. We offer a genetic screening test for free. But we realized early on that this was in reality, a very, very small indication or 2 indications. And so we didn't put a sales force when we -- in the field when we got the drug approved. We made it commercially available. We priced the drug. There was a lot of advantages to having a little bit of that lead time, but it wasn't a true business opportunity that was to stand a company.

Our next indication, which was Bardet-Biedl syndrome, larger indication. We think there's about 5,000 patients in the U.S. that have that disease, but it's syndromic. And the advantage of being syndromic, from an identification standpoint, is that there's multiple disease manifestations that signal to the health care provider who is trying to figure out what's going on that there may be an underlying genetic disease here. And that population follows exactly the classic diagnostic odyssey that many patients with a rare disease do.

They see multiple specialists until they finally find one who connects the dots and says, "Oh, you have Bardet-Biedl syndrome and sends a genetic test. So that drug -- that indication we got approved in 2022. And from the beginning, we believed, and I think the results to date have supported that is we could build a profitable company around Bardet-Biedl alone. You wouldn't be spending a lot of money on R&D. But if you were really just focused on that, it could support a company.

And from the beginning with these genetic indications, and this partly from the world I came from, I believe strongly, all diseases, certainly genetic diseases, they're global. And despite being a smaller U.S. biocentric or biotech company, you want to think globally, and we did from the beginning. And so we have worked to make the drug available outside the U.S. We sell in about 25 countries now for these indications on these 3 genetic indications. So, that laid the foundation for where we are today.

And then a little bit of serendipity, which also I think is interesting in terms of how these things evolve. KOLs, thought leaders, one of them who have been doing a lot of thinking about this area came to us and said, you should really try this in this entity called acquired hypothalamic obesity. And famously admit to -- when I took the CEO role in 2020, that trial is just getting underway. And as I looked at the different places we could save money, I thought, well, let's stop that trial because if you injure the hypothalamus, and I'll just give you the quick background for that, why it's humorous in retrospect, these are patients who -- most commonly, they have a tumor that develops in the region of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.

So tumors that grow up in that area, benign tumors, they can be resected. And when resected, patients can go on and live a relatively normal lifespan. But the surgery, the radiation, sometimes the tumor itself injures the pituitary. And so 80% plus of these patients will come out of surgery with pituitary insufficiency, meaning they need a thyroid replacement, adrenal hormone replacement, vasopressin insufficiency. It can be a long list of hormonal insufficiency related to that pituitary and some hypothalamic damage. But if you get enough hypothalamic damage, you injure this pathway, the melanocortin-4 pathway, which sits there.

And so about half of the patients with this underlying tumor come out of surgery and rapidly gain weight. It's like overnight, they have lost the signal that they're full. And so they explosively gain weight. And what we found when we started the trial is that it's incredibly simple. We're replacing that hormone when replaced. And the most striking thing about the clinical trial results was not that we got X percent weight loss, and we got very good weight loss, 19%-ish placebo-adjusted weight loss, but the consistency, it was like virtually every patient who took the drug had a meaningful response.

And so that told us we were really fixing something. So my early thought process, which was, well, you're injuring the hypothalamus, I get it, you might injure the pathway, but won't you be losing the receptors as well. And there's a little bit of a mystery there, but no. The answer is either, one, there's enough retained receptor activity in the hypothalamus and/or in the and is probably significant, there are these melanocortin-4 receptors in other parts of the brain, including the brain stem and autonomic nervous system interacting with that, that's probably contributing to the beneficial effect we see. So long story short is that's where we just got our PDUFA data in March 20. We're now 6 weeks into launch and pretty excited about where we're going.

Okay. Thank you for that update. So if we wanted to compare and contrast the launch trajectory of these smaller indications versus HO. Can you just talk to some differences there, expected differences?

Yes. So the dynamics of a Bardet-Biedl syndrome, which I think about as a classic ultra-rare example, these patients tend not to be concentrated in a specific specialist. They're syndromic. So they have -- many of these kids by age 18 are legally blind. So they'll see an ophthalmologist. Many of them have renal insufficiency, so they'll see a nephrologist. They have cognitive defects, so they'll see a neurologist. And so they see a variety of different specialists. So the sales force that we put out was 16 people to cover all of the U.S. and obviously, not with the goal of calling on everybody and calling on all these specialists.

And the other challenge is these patients may see multiple specialists. Once they get their diagnosis, they tend to go back to their primary care point, which might be a specialist, but also equally likely might be their primary care, family physician, internal medicine. So there's no way that with the Bardet-Biedl launch, you're going to knock on the doors of doctors who you think might have a patient with that disease. So you try to create a world with greater awareness so that the patient in that community has the ability -- equal ability to find you as much as we find them. And so that's how it builds.

And that world in a launch market opportunity tends to grow. We said in the beginning, slow and steady. My team never liked the slow part. So we called it steady. But the point is it's a gradual launch, but it doesn't peak. It just keeps growing. And I'll go back to my Genzyme days. And if you look at the early Genzyme enzyme replacement therapies, 30 years later, multiple -- if you aggregate the companies that are working on Gaucher or Fabry or whatever, those are still $1 billion-plus opportunities that just -- and it's just -- and they're still finding the patients. I mean that is just the nature of these kind of rare diseases.

And so we think about the BBS opportunity as a steady growth, whatever trajectory you have, we're on a -- I think it's starting to evolve into a relatively steady picture here. That will go for a long time. And I don't know if the 5,000 patient number in the U.S. is the right number or not. I mean we'll see what happens over time. But it's not like how many years to peak. It's just like however many years you have, you'll have that opportunity. HO in contrast, we think there's about 10,000 patients in the U.S., similar numbers in Europe, for example. We can talk about Japan separately because that's an interesting story.

But 10,000 patients, so, twice from a number standpoint, BBS, but it has unique features, which are these patients because the vast majority, 80% plus, have pituitary insufficiency, they're taken care of by endocrinologists. So they are concentrated in a specialty, which means they have all the advantages of a specialty opportunity. And this is what the larger companies like. They love specialty. And the reason being is because you have a problem that is concentrated in a targeted audience. And so when you approach that kind of opportunity commercially, our goal was here, no, we want to cover the endocrinologists.

And of course, in today's world, you can do claims work and there's -- the system gives you a much greater ability to understand where these patients may be, how many they may be and which doctors may have them, which has allowed us to take the endocrinology world and tier them and say, okay, who are the top and by top, meaning physicians who are likely to have 2 or 5 or more patients. And those will be prioritized and then you tier down to physicians who may only have one.

But with that direction, so we put 42 reps -- sales reps in the field and with the goal of we're going to cover the endocrinologists as opposed to they find us. No, no, we're very actively going to go out there, try to educate that community, but also interact with it and build that relationship. So a very different opportunity, larger numbers, but also different dynamic. So as what we've said is that the expected ramp of HO is going to be meaningfully steeper than it is for BBS, but it also has some of the same ingredients of a classic ultra-rare disease, which is it's a high-priced drug.

It will be a prior authorization. We're going to have to go through this medical acceptance process, get policies in place. Patients coming into their doctor, it would be one of these things, well, why don't -- if there's a bad problem and you got a drug approved, why won't they all get a script tomorrow? The answer is you don't call this into the pharmacy. So these patients before you start a drug like this, it's going to be lifelong, expensive, has some side effects. Patients is going to come in and have a conversation with their doctor. And so one of the gating factors will be how quickly they can get in and get their appointment schedule like. So that's the dynamic.

Okay. On your last earnings call, you reported early metrics of the launch. Specifically, you talked about the 100 -- greater than 150 Patient Start Forms written. So can you talk to us about what that means relative to being on the market for just a few weeks? How should we be interpreting demand based on that number?

Yes. Those of you who have heard us talk about this, again, it's virtually impossible to truly predict what's going to happen in a rare disease launch for a variety of reasons, some of which I've listed here. The only real metric we have in Rhythm is at the same point in time for Bardet-Biedl syndrome, we had about 50 Start Forms, scripts equivalents. Here, we have greater than 150. So that ratio doesn't surprise me at all. Incredibly pleased with how we got started. I would have been happy with 2x. It's like you just don't know out of the gate.

But -- so yes, we're really pleased with where we are. But I think it's also very supportive of how we expected this opportunity to continue to evolve. And another question, which you either asked or I'll just volunteered is, is there -- was there a bolus? Was there pent-up demand? And there's always in a disease that's a severe disease where you've been in development for a number of years, there's some level of awareness, maybe a lot and patients who are following this and obviously waiting for the approval. So there's that kind of urgency out of the gate. But the numbers we gave you, which were greater than 150 scripts, Start Forms and written by 110 different physicians, which meant that most of those doctors wrote one script.

There was a few, obviously, who wrote more than one script. But it wasn't as though we had a small number of doctors who are driving that initial performance here. This is really, I think, reflective of the fact that across the community and patients are coming in, and it's exactly as I would have expected, which is doctors will get their first patient in, they'll write a script, and then the second patient, whenever to the extent they have a second patient, their next -- their visit comes up, they'll write a script. But I don't think it's a dynamic of -- I'm going to try a script and see how that patient does.

I think it's going to be very -- I think patients -- physicians are comfortable with the drug. It's been out there since approved drug since 2020. The data is extremely strong in terms of how patients have benefited. Today's world, the community, I mean, they're sharing experiences and pictures and some are quite striking. I mean there's patients who have gotten their lives restored and back to their pre-existing weight, meaning before they had their injury. So I think there's that kind of excitement in the community, but I think the steady part of this growth is a reflection of how quickly patients get in to see their doctor.

Just remind us what the list price is, the announced list price?

Sure. So give me round numbers, if you mind. So a year at fully compliant at full dose is about $380,000 gross to net under councils and they were about $330,000.

Okay. So one question I've gotten leading into the launch is this is obviously priced as a rare disease drug, $330,000 per patient per year, let's say. And if the goal is to help patients lose weight, then why wouldn't a GLP be sufficient in this particular population given the fact that it's priced at a fraction?

Yes, it's a critical question. And we've had -- when we got our first approval in 2020, the whole GLP-1 world was just emerging. And in the beginning, I wouldn't call it tough. It was understandably there were a lot of questions because the GLP-1 results were so amazing. I mean, they're incredible drugs. And a little bit of a view, they're a hammer and everything is a nail. It's like if you just need weight loss, you'll do this.

What we've come to appreciate across indications, which is -- remember, when I say across indications, all of these different diseases share the same problem. They have impaired signaling through the pathway. And GLP-1s do not consistently fix the problem. And in fact, in our Phase III trial, we allowed patients who were on a GLP-1 and many of them had tried a GLP-1 previously. In fact, we had about 16 patients who are on a GLP-1 in our Phase III hypothalamic obesity trial.

Now they couldn't be actively losing weight, but these are patients who had tried -- almost all of them had either gotten semaglutide or tirzepatide at one point, and multiple of them have had multiple different GLP-1s over time because, again, they had nothing else to try there. When they went on the trial, once you correct the deficiency in this pathway, then the fact that they were on the GLP-1, that group actually did as well or even better, a small number, this trial wasn't designed to test it.

But looking at that data, and we have very good historical data, we can see what happened on their GLP-1s, which is when they got on GLP-1, you could see some of them just plateaus, some lost a little weight, but they all tended to regain over time or just not continue losing. And then when they got on the setmelanotide, they had a pretty start this 20% in that group actually 27% placebo-adjusted weight loss. So I think the take-home back to your question of why wouldn't you just use a GLP-1 is -- GLP-1s, the patient -- our problem is essentially hormonal deficiency.

So if you are not signaling through this pathway, you're not making alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. -- and that's what our drug is analogue. You have to restore the more normal physiology. Now we gain weight for different reasons. If you need more weight loss, if you're eating because you're depressed, if you're eating because you love ice cream, then a second anti-obesity medication on top of because you corrected that problem might be appropriate. But it won't be a replacement for this.

Okay. And what about the hyperphagia portion?

One of the challenges for the world we've lived in, and we and many others have struggled with this because the general obesity world talks about food noise and the like and that being quieted. I think that's a different thing. I know it's a different thing. This is the -- whatever the patient is experiencing in our world is that fact of not getting a full, just not being full. And so you just feel like you're pursuing it.

One of the most striking benefits and now that we're out in the world, for example, in Bardet-Biedl syndrome, it is the quieting -- the hyperphagia removing that drive to eat that has dramatically improved their quality of life in the sense that a child with Bardet-Biedl syndrome who couldn't even be in the kitchen and have a conversation with their parents while they're preparing dinner without just constantly talking about food, can now sit in the kitchen. A child who can go to school and not be stealing other kids' lunches or I mean there's just endless stories about how that preoccupation with food has interfered with their ability to have a normal life, interfered with the family siblings ability.

You can't socialize because they can't go out with the child who's suffering from this and go to a party where there's food available. So yes, the hyperphagia is a really important part of it. The language around hunger hyperphagia, food noise, I think, is still evolving, and it makes it a little confusing, but...

Okay. So how should we be thinking about what metrics you'll continue to give us at least in the early quarters of the launch?

Yes. We'll stay -- what we tried to do is stay with this paradigm, talk about is to give people an understanding of is it working? How is it working? And in any opportunity, we did this with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. We start with the epidemiology, which if it's published literature is usually pretty poor, but it's a starting point. Claims data if you have, but we did it for HO. We got a better sense. We updated our number for HO, that's where we felt much more confident.

We started with a 5,000 to 10,000 range. We went to 10,000. Then we had our early field force interactions, mostly our existing MSL force, Medical Science Liaison out there earlier last year. That effort up through the fall in September, we had -- we then shared that we -- through direct interactions with a health care provider, we had about 2,000 patients who either had a diagnosis or were suspected of having HO and the suspected was the majority of that.

So they weren't carrying the diagnosis, the majority of those patients in the 2,000. And so that's a good number, but that's not -- again, so then you get to -- you launched and you have Start Forms. So those are a hard number. So we're not going to update the 2,000 anymore. I think that's a less reliable number compared to Start Forms. We'll stay with the Start Forms. We'll do that for probably 4 quarters or so and see how we go.

And then we'll give you more color around the payers. We didn't do this on this call. 6 weeks is just too early to have a good feel. But hopefully, by our Q2 earnings call, we'll be able to give you a good sense of at least how that's starting to play out. And then ultimately, you move to revenues, which then capture everything and tell you what to do, and we'll stop giving you a Start Form.

So maybe let's move on to a different indication that you're looking at setmelanotide for Prader-Willi. Maybe just tell everybody what PWS is and where you are in development there?

Yes. Prader-Willi, it's a genetic disease also syndromic in a sense that has multiple different manifestations. There's many genes. There's a portion of chromosome 15, which is deleted. And in that section are genes related to this melanocortin-4 pathway. So there's a mouse model. There's reasons -- pretty good reasons to believe that this melanocortin-4 pathway is an important part of the biology of Prader-Willi. It is not the whole thing. And these children in this disease, and they tend to be diagnosed pretty early and reliably is they tend to be very weak, hypotonic at birth.

So flaccid muscle is not moving much. They eat poorly, but then it evolves fairly rapidly to this racious hyperphagic where they're eating all the time, they're gaining weight, but accompanied by some really challenging behaviors and other aspects, obsessive-compulsive diseases. The behaviors can lead to violence. And as they get older and bigger, it actually can be quite dangerous for even parents to be in a home with a child with Prader-Willi when they get hungry and frustrated and then they're strong enough that when they act out, they actually can hurt other family members.

So they often end up as they move into adulthood to being -- having to be treated or managed in homes and the like. And so devastating disease, no drugs approved. VYKAT, Soleno's drug was the first drug ever approved about a year ago, I get exactly when that was. But -- so that was a huge breakthrough because nothing and even there was a bit of a challenging clinical development program. So -- but big first step. So that's the program. Rhythm, we ran an early trial in Prader-Willi back in 2018 or so and a very complicated trial design, basically it was the wrong trial design. It was too short. The dose was too low and complicated design.

And we concluded correctly, we had no effect. However, if you went back and look at the patients who are on the highest dose for the longest period of time, 8 weeks in that trial, they actually had 3 out of the 4 patients seem to have a modest response. So okay, maybe it wasn't completely negative. And then we went back and we're running an open-label study with Dr. Miller, University of Florida. She's one of the leading investigators has been part of many, many trials, including Soleno's trials. And so she enrolled 18 patients. We released data on 8 patients in December.

One of the patients stopped after a few weeks related to family-related issues, but 17 patients have stayed in the trial. And so we'll provide updated data, 6-month data now on the 17 at our -- hopefully, at the upcoming ENDO Meeting, pending acceptance of our abstract. And what we've told people, what we'll present our goal is these are small data sets. I find you don't mean that data. It's not very helpful. But we'll give you individual data sets for all 17. So -- and we'll give you multiple measures for each patient. So we'll give you the BMI. We'll hopefully give you DEXA scans, which is looking at fat and lean mass.

And this pathway, correcting it has done very well on fat and lean. And if you think about restoring normal physiology, it makes sense. So to the extent GLP-1s, one of the concern is lean muscle mass loss, which is what happens sort of when you get in more of a starvation state with more normal physiology, losing more fat, but preserving lean or preserving the ability to put on lean would make sense. So we're seeing that in some other indications. We'll see what we see in Prader-Willi, but hopefully, that will be supportive.

And we'll also look at HQ-CT. So our goal for development in Phase III, and I think we're quite convinced that we have the activity we need to see based on even what we presented in December. We'll move into a Phase III development program, the details of which to be determined and shared as we learn more. But we will seek indications, both for BMI for the weight loss, but also for hyperphagia. How we get there? Do you run 2 trials? Can you get there with both endpoints in one trial? Again, we'll look for regulatory feedback.

Okay. So what would be the next step after you see this data set for Prader-Willi?

Yes. So then the other thing is some of you know, we have a strong life cycle management. So we have a weekly injectable, which is in Phase II for Hypothalamic Obesity and is also enrolling some Prader-Willi patients. And we have a next-generation daily single oral pill, which has already shown very good data in a Phase II HO study, and that will be going into Phase III for HO. So our goal will be to run the Prader-Willi study with one of those two to be determined.

Okay. Perfect. I did want to ask you about the current side-effect profile of setmelanotide. One of the observations that happens to all patients is hyperpigmentation. So this is a daily injectable. It's for rare disease. And so patients will make a risk-reward decision as to whether or not they want to be on the drug. Can you talk about how much of an impact that hyperpigmentation has on whatever portion of the patient population that chooses not to engage in therapy?

Yes, it's a point. I mean, so just to date, in our approved indication, about 5% to 6% of the patients stop because of hyperpigmentation. So in that sense, it's a small fraction of our treated population. That said, it's an on-target effect. And so 100% of the patients will have a darkening. Now some they like it, some they don't. I think for the Bardet-Biedl, probably a little more of an issue, HO, as Dr. Miller has said, what their experience in HO is so great, they don't care as much, so it will probably be less of a problem.

Now it is not a positive, meaning -- and so our next-generation therapies were very specifically designed not to hit that MC1 target, which causes the darkening. So our expectation is, and we've got evidence already for both, but we'll continue to flesh this out, that neither one of those will have hyperpigmentation. So we think the next generations will solve that.

To the extent it's 5% to 6% who might stay on the drug, that's great. To the extent that we open it up, particularly to certain populations that are more concerned about that, who have patients who are sitting on the sideline. They're not even signing up for initially. And I think that may be also more meaningful than we think.

Okay. And as you think about life cycle management, you mentioned the weekly and you mentioned the oral. How do you imagine them potentially both coexisting?

Yes. So from a company standpoint, we'll be indifferent. Really, the goal from the beginning was to offer choice. So over my career, I've been struck you can predict what you want. But at the end of the day, yes, patients sometimes surprise you. So we'll be indifferent. We'll try to create a pricing structure where that's not a driver. It's just patient choice.

Okay. And it's your belief that those will not have the hyperpigmentation side effects.

Yes. I think, like I said, from a preclinical data, I think, strong. I think our early clinical data very supportive. So I do think we've achieved our goal. We'll -- we've got pretty good evidence on biva. It's a little farther ahead of development than 718. 718 preclinically is even more specific, meaning less likely than biva. So I'm pretty confident there, but let's -- we'll confirm.

Okay. With that, we are out of time. So thank you, David, for spending the last 30 minutes with me, and thanks, everyone, for joining.

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by, and welcome to the Rhythm Pharmaceuticals First Quarter 2026 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded.

I would now like to turn the conference over to Dave Connolly.

Thank you, Michelle. I'm Dave Connolly here at Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. For those of you participating on the conference call, our slides can be accessed and controlled by going to the Investors section of our website, ir.rhythmtx.com.

This morning, we issued our press release that provides first quarter 2026 financial results and a business update, and that press release is available on our website. Our agenda is listed on Slide 2.

On the call today are David Meeker, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President; Jennifer Lee, Executive Vice President, Head of North America; Hunter Smith, Chief Financial Officer; and Yann Mazabraud, Executive Vice President, Head of International, who is on the line joining us from Europe.

On Slide 3, I'll remind you that this call contains remarks concerning future expectations, plans and prospects, which constitute forward-looking statements.

Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by these forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including those discussed in our most recent annual or quarterly reports on file with the SEC.

In addition, any forward-looking statements represent our views as of today and should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent dates.

We specifically disclaim any obligation to update such statements.

With that, I'll turn the call over to David Meeker, who will begin on Slide 5.

Thank you, Dave. Good morning and thank you for joining. So we had another good quarter. Now before we dive into some of the more recent events, I do want to highlight the ongoing progress in our base business, predominantly BBS.

Revenues for the quarter were $60 million. As we would expect with an ultra-rare disease, awareness of the disease continues to grow, leading to more patients diagnosed or potential candidates for therapy. We have learned much through this initial launch, and we continue to adapt and optimize use of available data to connect with the right health care providers who may have a BBS patient.

There is still more long-term opportunity to unlock with BBS. With the FDA approval of IMCIVREE for acquired HO on our PDUFA date and European marketing authorization, which came early, we have expanded our focus. As with the BBS launch, our plan will be to share a few of the early launch metrics with the goal of giving you a sense of how it is working, with the usual caveat that it is extremely early. That said, we are pleased with the strong start, with more than 150 start forms to date and a good reception at the payer level. Jennifer will provide more details.

Slide 6 is to remind you again of the significant opportunity in HO, with an estimated prevalence of 10,000 patients in the U.S. and Europe and 5,000 to 8,000 patients in Japan. And with a much more concentrated call point than BBS, this is a meaningfully larger opportunity.

Japan is positioned to be the second-largest opportunity for HO behind the U.S. As we have shared, we have been extremely appreciative of the highly collaborative, encouraging nature of our interactions with the Japanese regulatory authority, the PMDA. All Japanese patients have completed the 12-month trial, eight patients on treatment and four on placebo. One patient discontinued early secondary to hyperpigmentation.

Slide 7 shows the BMI change as compared to the values for the full 142 patients. As you can see from the results, the results were similar to the full cohort. The placebo-adjusted differences were slightly less, mostly due in part, at least, to the fact that the placebo group did not gain weight in the same way their Western counterparts did.

Although the numbers are small, this may reflect cultural differences with a more obesity-prone environment in the West. The team has moved rapidly to complete the filing, putting us in the position of an anticipated approval before the end of the year. The Japanese team is fully in place, and Yann will talk more about the opportunity and the organizational build.

Finally, as we have previously shared, we look forward to a number of milestones this year. Pending late-breaking abstract acceptance, our goal is to share Dr. Miller's 6-month data in PWS at the endo meeting in June. Similar to what was presented in December, we would expect to share BMI data, HQCT data and DEXA scan data for those patients who have completed the scans.

We anticipate sharing 718 data midyear, and we are targeting the Q2 earnings call, at which time we would share the Part C results in HO and potentially the available data in PWS. CMC work and biva bioequivalent studies for the new formulation are underway, with the goal of being in a position to start the Phase III trial with bivamelagon in HO by the end of 2026.

I will now turn the call over to Jennifer.

Thank you, David. I'm going to be starting today on Slide 10. It is an exciting time for Rhythm with the acquired HO approval, and our U.S. commercial launch is off to a strong start. The early reception has been positive. Physicians are prescribing IMCIVREE for patients with acquired HO, payers, especially those with experience through BBS, have begun approving reimbursement, and we have patients with acquired HO who have started therapy.

IMCIVREE was first approved in 2020 for POMC and LEPR, and we launched in 2022 for Bardet-Biedl syndrome. BBS is an ultra-rare disease with an estimated prevalence of 5,000 in the U.S. Disease awareness and diagnosis rates were low at the time of launch. Over the last three years, we helped build an active community of engaged physicians who support the earlier identification and treatment of patients. And we have worked to expand reimbursement of IMCIVREE.

In doing so, we delivered steady, consistent growth over the last three years. It wasn't always easy, but we've learned from the challenges along the way and laid a solid foundation for future launches, including our recent one in acquired hypothalamic obesity.

For BBS, in the first quarter of 2026, we had steady growth in prescriptions.

Similar to Q1 last year, we had patients that transitioned to new insurance plans, leading to a temporary increase in patients provided free drug through our bridge program. As of mid-April, we had transitioned most of these patients back to reimbursed therapy, and we are seeing steady growth in commercial patients.

Now moving to the acquired HO opportunity, which we estimate is approximately twice the size of BBS at 10,000 patients. We've grown our commercial organization to extend our reach in this larger opportunity, going from 16 sales reps for BBS to a total of 42 sales reps deployed across the country. We have similarly scaled our patient services team as well. The FDA approval on March 19 and the broad label, which goes beyond tumor and tumor treatment-related HO to include other injuries that may lead to acquired HO, has opened the doors for our team to engage with more physicians.

Our team's continued engagement with HCPs around the causes of acquired HO, the role of the MC4R pathway and the compelling efficacy data and product profile of IMCIVREE. This has resulted in the identification of more acquired HO patients. And we've seen steady progress of patients. This has resulted in the identification of more acquired HO patients, and we've seen steady progress of patients moving to diagnosis from suspected as physicians gain a better understanding of this unique disease and its causes. Next slide.

The initial response from patients and the physician community reflects the high unmet need for treatment for acquired HO. We have received more than 150 start forms in the six weeks since approval. Of these start forms, approximately 40 are for clinical trial patients. During the first six weeks of launch, there have been approximately 110 unique prescribers for acquired HO, of which about 80% are new prescribers of IMCIVREE. To date, the large majority of prescribers have written one script for an acquired HO patient.

In these early days of launch, approximately 80% of prescribers are endos, along with some pediatricians and primary care physicians. We're seeing encouraging receptivity among payers, too. Having approval in place enables us to get back in front of payers to continue education around acquired HO and IMCIVREE for this new indication. Our prior education that led to IMCIVREE coverage for BBS has facilitated our discussions with payers and supported their understanding of acquired HO as an MC4R pathway disease.

We are pleased to see initial approvals for reimbursement for acquired HO prescriptions during this early phase of launch, but we continue to expect it will take approximately three to nine months from approval for HO-specific IMCIVREE policies to be established. The early launch indicators are highly encouraging, reinforcing our confidence in the long-term potential of IMCIVREE in hypothalamic obesity. We look forward to updating you on our progress.

With that, let me hand it over to Yann.

Thank you, Jennifer. I will begin on Slide 13. We are very excited about the HO opportunity in the international region as we achieved significant milestones and our path towards bringing IMCIVREE to more patients.

Just last week, the European Commission granted marketing authorization for IMCIVREE for the treatment of obesity and control of hunger in patients four years old and older with acquired hypothalamic obesity due to hypothalamic injury or impairment.

Our dialogue with European regulators was very constructive and efficient, resulting in the EMEA's positive CHMP opinion coming sooner than we originally expected with marketing authorization following just one month later despite this process typically taking two months.

This is a tremendous achievement and the result of years of work and collaboration between Rhythm and our investigators, the European HO experts and the regulatory authorities, all of whom focused on bringing the first-ever therapy specifically approved for patients with HO.

With an estimated prevalence of approximately 10,000 patients in Europe, this is a meaningful opportunity, and we have a very experienced market access team that will lead us through country-level negotiations with launches anticipated to begin in 2027.

Similar to the process we previously followed for our approved indications of POMC/LEPR and BBS, we have begun efforts to seek an exemption from the German Federal Joint Committee, the G-BA, from its exclusion list that prohibits reimbursement for lifestyle drugs, such as drugs indicated for smoking cessation and general obesity. The CHMP opinion enabled us to begin this process, which can take six to nine months, putting us on track for a launch in Germany in 2027.

In addition, the key local reimbursement dossier are finalized and we will begin negotiations in France, Italy, Spain and other countries. For the U.K., we leverage our EU submission through the International Recognition Procedures, IRP, to seek authorization from the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA. This was already submitted last week based on the positive CHMP opinion.

Of course, there is already much enthusiasm in Europe as we have seen with the reimbursed early access programs for HO in France and Italy, which accounts for a meaningful portion of patients on reimbursed therapy in the international region. These early access programs have enabled many of the leading physicians in France and Italy to begin patients on setmelanotide, gain experience with the drug and see the benefit in patients.

The French AP1 program, in particular, has generated real-world efficacy results for publication, adding to the body of evidence supporting setmelanotide therapy for HO. Next week, at the European Congress of Endocrinology in Prague, French physicians will present real-world data from more than 60 patients with HO on setmelanotide in the early access program, including a cohort on therapy for up to 12 months. Next slide.

We are also rapidly advancing towards achieving anticipated marketing authorization and commercialization in Japan. With an estimated 5,000 to 8,000 patients with acquired hypothalamic obesity in Japan, where the prevalence and incidence rates are higher on a per capita basis than Europe and the U.S., the unmet need for an effective therapy is quite pronounced.

There has been strong KOL support since we first disclosed our Phase II data in HO and our commitment to quickly bringing IMCIVREE to Japanese patients in need has enabled positive and open dialogue with Japanese regulators. We now have almost 50 employees in Japan, and we've begun executing on our pre-launch tactics focused on disease awareness, including face-to-face interactions, webinars and symposia and patient identification. These activities provide us with a strong understanding of the disease landscape and position us well to begin pricing negotiations upon approval.

Just last month in Japan, I joined the team for a series of meeting with KOLs and Japanese government officials. In addition to the excitement for the potential impact setmelanotide will have on these patients, these KOLs and officials told us they were very appreciative of the speed and urgency with which we entered Japan. Of particular note, our team has moved fast, potentially securing approval in Japan less than a year from the U.S. approval when many companies wait years or partner with someone else to pursue approval.

As we announced today, the PMDA has accepted and is reviewing our NDA filing for IMCIVREE for acquired hypothalamic obesity. Japanese regulators do not publish or announce a time line for approval as it is done in the U.S. and Europe, but we anticipate approval and launch by the end of 2026.

Slide 15. Lastly, Q1 2026 was another strong quarter for the international region. We saw double-digit percent growth in patients on reimbursed therapy throughout the region, which includes more than 25 countries where IMCIVREE is available through national reimbursement or patient sales. BBS was a primary driver of growth from Q4 2025 to Q1 2026 with the early access programs in France and Italy for HO contribute meaningfully.

Since IMCIVREE was first authorized in Europe for POMC and LEPR in 2021, we have built a very strong foundation with positive and collaborative relationships in place with many experts and market access officials. This experience will serve us well with HO.

With that, I will turn it over to Hunter.

Thank you, Yann. I begin on Slide 17. Rhythm is well capitalized and off to a strong start of what promises to be a transformational 2026. The initial phase of the U.S. launch and acquired HO is quite encouraging, and we're excited about the significant ongoing progress in the international region as well.

We had a solid first quarter of 2026 with $60.1 million in global net revenues from sales of IMCIVREE, which represents 5% sequential growth over Q4 2025. During the first quarter, 61% of revenue was generated in the United States with the remainder generated outside the U.S., reflecting continued strong performance across those geographies. Globally, we saw continued growth in patients on reimbursed therapy with an 8% increase over the prior quarter, driven primarily by BBS.

On Slide 18, I'll walk through the revenue quarter-over-quarter as revenue increased from $57 million in Q4 2025 to $60 million in Q1 2026. First, the U.S. while the number of patients on reimbursed therapy in the United States increased from the end of Q1 to the -- end of Q4 to the end of Q1, the specialty pharmacy inventory increase of approximately $1.8 million in Q4 had the effect of pulling sales forward, which affected U.S. revenue during the quarter.

Separately, during Q1, shipments to RSP and dispenses to patients were pretty balanced. Therefore, specialty pharmacy inventory changes during the quarter did not have a significant impact on revenue.

In addition, as we saw last year during the first quarter, and as Jennifer mentioned, a number of patients transitioned insurance plans in the new year. And as a result, they received free drug from our bridging program for some or much of the quarter. Due to the strong collaborative efforts of our patient support teams working closely with patients, payers and HCPs, the number of patients on bridge therapy has since returned to Q4 levels.

Revenue outside the United States increased from $18.3 million to $23.2 million in Q1, reflecting a 27% sequential quarter-over-quarter increase. This growth was driven by increased sales volumes in Germany and France as well as certain named patient sales markets, particularly Saudi Arabia and Greece. As we have said previously, some of these named patient sales markets order with longer lead times, which can result in more variable quarterly revenue growth.

On Slide 19 is the financial snapshot of the first quarter of 2026 results compared to the first quarter of 2025. Gross to net for U.S. sales in Q1 was 84%, which is consistent with recent quarters. Cost of goods sold in this quarter was 11.9% of product revenue within our normal range and primarily driven by cost of materials and royalty payments on setmelanotide in connection with higher product revenue during the quarter.

As a percentage of product revenue, COGS can vary quarter-to-quarter based on changes in inventory balances and manufacturing activity. R&D expenses were $41.7 million for the first quarter of 2026 compared to $37 million in the same period last year. Sequentially, R&D expenses were flat compared to the fourth quarter of 2025.

During the quarter, an increase in headcount and related costs was offset by a decrease in clinical trial costs and costs related to chemistry, manufacturing and controls or CMC work. The year-over-year increase is primarily attributable to an increase in headcount-related costs.

SG&A expenses were $63.6 million for the first quarter of 2026 compared to $39.1 million in the prior year period. Sequentially, SG&A expenses increased by $6.1 million or approximately 11% compared to the fourth quarter of 2025. The change in SG&A expenses primarily reflected higher headcount-related costs, including stock-based compensation and marketing activities in support of the anticipated launch of IMCIVREE in acquired hypodynamic obesity.

Weighted average common shares outstanding were 68 million in Q1. Cash used in operations was approximately $44.2 million during the quarter. GAAP EPS for the first quarter of 2026 was a net loss per basic and diluted share of $0.83, including $0.02 per share from accrued dividends on convertible preferred stock of $1.1 million.

We ended the first quarter with approximately $341 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, which we continue to expect will be sufficient to fund planned operations for at least 24 months.

Lastly for me, on Slide 20, there is further detail on operating expenses for the first quarter and our full year operating expense guidance. For the first quarter, operating expenses of approximately $105.3 million included $23.1 million of stock-based compensation.

Non-GAAP operating expenses for Q1 were $82.2 million. We expect this increase on a quarterly basis throughout -- we expect this to increase on a quarterly basis throughout 2026 due to investments in CMC supporting RM-718.

The increased spending on clinical trials -- increased spending on clinical supply of bivamelagon ahead of our planned Phase III trial in hypothalamic obesity and the ongoing build-out of our team in Japan and preclinical work associated with our CHI program.

Our guidance is unchanged as we anticipate approximately $385 million to $415 million in non-GAAP operating expenses in fiscal year 2026, comprised of non-GAAP R&D of approximately $197 million to $213 million and non-GAAP SG&A expenses of approximately $188 million to $202 million.

With that, I'll turn the call back over to David.

Thanks, Hunter. So, in closing, I hope it's clear why we're excited about building the next phase of Rhythm. We see three clear pillars supporting this phase.

Work is continuing on the genetic causes of MC4R pathway impairment. That work is focused on improving our understanding of the specific genetic variants to better clarify those variants which have true loss of function. Those patients would be the focus of our next trials, which will be done with one of our next-generation therapies. That work will continue through 2026.

The second pillar, as we have focused on today is hypothalamic obesity, either due to injury or hypothalamic dysfunction due to failure of the hypothalamus to develop normally. And the third pillar is Prader-Willi syndrome, an extremely complicated disease with a huge unmet need, where we believe the MC4R pathway plays an important role.

We are aggressively pursuing our life cycle management strategy with the next-generation therapies, and we are building out our early research function focused on a small number of programs, which includes our program for CHI.

With that, we can now open the call for Q&A.

[Operator Instructions] And the first question will come from Phil Nadeau with TD Cowen.

Congrats on the HO launch. Question is on those patient start forms and patient identification. I think the last number you gave us for a number of patients identified was approximately a few thousand, but you've said you've identified more since. Any update to that number today? And of the patient start forms you've received, how many were from that patient pool versus how many were newly discovered patients since launch?

Jennifer?

Sure. So we've continued to make progress. We had a tiered list of groups that our sales reps were out targeting just in terms of disease education, and we've continued to make inroads in terms of penetrating that list. As I outlined, the 2,000 number has continued to increase even since that September date. It's not a number that we are updating moving forward as we're focusing more on metrics, including start forms.

So many of those start forms that we've received, if you take a look at them, have come from the list of physicians that we educated prior to approval. I would say that overall, the vast majority of these start forms were from physicians that our field teams had some type of engagement with prior to approval.

And the next question will come from Paul Matteis with Stifel.

Congrats on the early launch progress. Taking a step back, it feels like with a number of rare disease launches lately, the street just debates whether early success is a bolus or linear and sustainable. It looks like outside of the patients who are converting from clinical trials, you're adding around 20-ish a week. Do you feel like that's a cadence based on your visibility and conversations with physicians that could be sustainable for 2026? Or if not, how are you thinking about the kinetics?

Sure. So I would say like overall, we were very pleased just in terms of the early -- first six weeks just in terms of how we were progressing. As you mentioned, we did have 40 of those Rxs coming from trial conversions and our teams continue to work with our clinical teams just in terms of pulling those forward.

I would say that from the trial conversion piece, the remaining patients really are going to be based on the last visit that is actually set. So we continue to work through those in the next quarter and so moving forward.

In terms of additional patients beyond the trial conversion, you talked about bolus. I would say that in any launch, as expected, there's going to be physicians who are quite activated just in terms of waiting for approval. We have some that have proactively reached out to their patients upon approval to let them know about the availability of therapy.

But the vast majority of the patients or the physicians are waiting to have those conversations with their patients as they come in for their regularly scheduled visits. So that will flow through on, I would say, more of a steady pace moving forward. And we still have a lot of opportunity in terms of education as we move forward into the launch.

Did that answer to your question, Paul?

Yes.

And the next question is going to come from Derek Archila with Wells Fargo.

Congrats on the progress here. I just had a question on the 110 prescribers. I guess what's the makeup of these physicians. Are these mostly in centers of excellence? Or are these more one-offs?

So in terms of the prescribers, one, I will say that we were very happy to see that there is a nice breadth of physicians with patients that have been activated just in terms of interest to prescribe IMCIVREE for their patients. Is that something that we will continue to focus on as we move forward as there were many physicians on our targeted list with potential patients?

To date, I would say that the vast majority, similar to other rare diseases of these physicians have written one script for their patients. But I would also say that there is still opportunity that remains with some of these physicians just in terms of having additional patients within their practice. And that is aligned with sort of the flow that I outlined in terms of those patients coming in so that physician can have that ongoing dialogue regarding diagnosis as well as IMCIVREE potential.

And then relating -- sorry, relating to the concentration within the centers of excellence. In the past, we have outlined that we are focused in terms of these 42 priority accounts. However, I would say that our list follows also the patients that we have identified in the claims and the physicians who actually have these patients potentially that are HO patients. And so that breadth goes beyond these priority accounts, and we have received definite scripts that are outside of these priority accounts as well.

And the next question is going to come from Dennis Ding with Jefferies.

Congrats on the quarter. So we're trying to get a sense of underlying demand here. So for the doctors who have prescribed IMCIVREE to an AHO patient, what's primarily been the gating factor preventing them from prescribing it to their second or third patient? Is it doctors getting comfortable with the product profile and reimbursement? And it seems like the vast majority of them are new to IMCIVREE or perhaps just the timing of patient visits.

So I would say that the primary gating factors are -- could be two pieces. The primary one is the pace and the schedule just in terms of those patients coming in to have that dialogue around IMCIVREE. So that is really pre-planned just in terms of what that normal visit may look like for that patient.

I think the other factor is, as we also continued with our education with HCPs, there were some patients that may have come top of mind or had already been diagnosed. But through our education, they also had several aha moments just in terms of other patients that they suspected may also have AHO.

And going back in terms of our breadth, we were very pleased in terms of the label that we got upon approval that was squatters and just brain tumor and brain tumor management-related causes of AHO. So there's still opportunity just in terms of educating about the other potential causes of AHO and getting those patients also to a diagnosis.

Next question comes from Corinne Johnson with Goldman Sachs.

Maybe if you could just quantify a bit more the reimbursement dynamics here for these AHO patients that are getting on therapy and translate that to how we should think about maybe net price per patient as this becomes a bigger portion of contribution to revenue?

Yes. As Jennifer [indiscernible] just for the reimbursement. So a little bit of sense for the mix of payers here. And then I think Corinne's getting at the Medicaid, of course, would have a discount and the like and so.

Sure. So we are very early in the launch with just in terms of understanding what that payer mix will look like. And with that said, what we have seen is we've received scripts from basically all different payer types.

I would say that just from the access perspective moving forward, I think there was a lot of benefit just in terms of the education that we had done with the BBS and the payers who have experience with BBS, also understanding that this is very different than general obesity. So once again, very pleased in terms of the fact that we did and already do have patients who have been approved for reimbursement as early in the process. 

The caveat here is that in terms of actually having those policies in place, I reiterate that expectation continues to be approximately three to nine months from approval. So we're going to continue to monitor what that payer mix looks like as we move forward and update in future calls.

And the next question will come from Michael Ulz with Morgan Stanley.

Congrats on the launch as well. Maybe just a follow-up on the HO launch, just in terms of the greater than 150 start forms. Maybe if you can compare that to your internal expectations at the beginning of the launch?

And then secondly, just how should we think about converting those patients to revenues, just given it sounds like you're having sort of good traction with payers early on here?

So I would say that overall, just in terms of the start forms that we've received. We were really pleased with, one, the speed just in terms of working and all the work has been done with planning for those clinical trial conversions. So once again, the number that we were able to convert to actually having a commercial Rx was great just in terms of that collaborative effort to get to that point.

In terms of the other Rxs that we've received, I think that it is a strong start. Right now, we still feel like there's a lot of opportunity that remains just in terms of physicians that we've spoken with that may potentially have a patient who will have that conversation as we move forward. So, we do expect to see a steady growth throughout the year just in terms of the Rxs we received moving forward. 

From the payer dynamic piece, I would say that in terms of the approvals, if we also compare with BBS, well, one, the expectation in terms of these Rxs being denied upfront because there isn't a specific HO policy in place early just in terms of launch. That did happen. However, like with the appropriate information that was provided, we were seeing with some of these payers a quicker approval time line than we did in the initial BBS launch. So I think that was a positive dynamic that we did see.

And the next question is going to come from Seamus Fernandez with Guggenheim.

So there's going to be some updates on PWS soon. And just wanted to get a better sense of what you believe the sort of clinical value add of setmelanotide in this space or at least targeting MC4R can be in this space. Is it going to be exclusively on weight loss without much benefit on satiety? Is it both weight loss and satiety benefits that are a possibility?

Just trying to get a better sense of what you see the overall kind of PWS target product profile that you're seeking in this setting and what we're likely to learn with the six-month data versus potential update on the second quarter results conference call, which may be incremental to the presentation in that setting.

Yes. Thanks, Seamus. Yes, just to be clear, for the 718 data, that Prader-Willi data, whatever we have, and hopefully, we'll have something that we can comment on at that point, but that will be extremely early in a much smaller number of patients. So the most informative data set that's coming is Dr. Miller's data set, which we'll put out at endo.

Our expectation is really just based on the biology here, right, which is MC4R so one, as I said in my opening comments there, I mean, we're quite convinced that this MC4R pathway is an important part of the biology in Prader-Willi. It's not the only thing. Correcting this does not fix or help correct a Prader-Willi patient's disease, but it can have, we believe, a significant impact.

And that biology is a satiety signal. You decrease hunger and we think an accompanying decrease in their hyperphagia symptoms, which are the behaviors that are driven by that severe hunger and increases energy expenditure. And the net of that will be a decrease in their overall weight.

We also know, and we highlighted this on our December call when we released the early data from Dr. Miller's trial, there's other reasons these patients eat, and we talked about the obsessive compulsive disorder part of this and the like. And so those are confounding elements of a very complicated disease. But specifically with regard to what we would hope, it would be both, both a reduction in their hyperphagia symptoms and a decrease in [indiscernible].

And our next question will come from Samantha Semenkow with Citi.

Congratulations on the early HO launch. I have one on Japan. Just given the large potential market for HO in Japan, this is a bit in your prepared remarks, but could you elaborate more on some of the feedback you've received from Japanese KOLs on the impact IMCIVREE could have in this population? And then just pending the approval there later this year, how should we think about the trajectory of that launch in Japan relative to the early start we've seen thus far in the U.S. for HO?

Yes. So Yann, did you got that? So KOL reactions to...

Yes. Thank you for the question. So first of all, as I said in my remarks, I was in Japan a few weeks ago, and I have met with the many of the Japanese KOL and many of the investigators of the trial.

So first, I think everybody in Japan is really concerned about the disease because of the significant prevalence. Two, they saw firsthand the results on their patients. So they are already believers in the efficacy of the drug. The third aspect is that we have engaged with them extremely early on. So it's more than three years that we have interacted with them, and they have been part of publications and they have worked with us on a lot of data. So there is almost already a long-lasting relationship with them. So that's the third aspect.

The third aspect in terms of trajectories is still difficult to -- so first, I will not compare the U.S. and Japan, as it is a bit difficult to forecast. We have good results so far in terms of patient identification. We have identified 151 Tier 1 hospitals with the highest volume of brain tumor surgeries, and those hospitals are currently being visited by the Japanese field force. So again, I will not give a number, but we think that we have a significant amount of Japanese patients who will start the treatment in '27 following the launch.

And the next question will come from Joseph Stringer with Needham & Company.

You mentioned the 150 start forms in the first six weeks of the AHO launch, 40 or so from the clinical trial. How does this number of start forms compare to the first six weeks of the BBS launch? And is this a fair comp at this point? 

And then our second question is on the patients, the 150 patients associated with the start forms. How many of these are tumor injury-related patients, and those who have had surgery? Just curious, given the broad label, what you're seeing in terms of a diverse patient pool, perhaps outside of the more common tumor-related cause?

Yes. Thanks. So maybe I'll make a comment on the BBS, and then Jennifer can comment on the mix of the tumors versus [indiscernible]. So is BBS a good comp? I mean, it's a rare disease. I think there are some fundamental differences here, which we've highlighted just in terms of how the HO population, A, is larger, but B, also being concentrated in the endo. So there is a difference there.

So I'm not sure it's the best. That said, this is a steeper launch. I mean, the rate of start forms in the first six weeks is higher than we had in BBS. I'll make a few comments once we finish all the questions about how to put all this together. But I think what you're hearing is, yes, we're really pleased with the 150. And yes, it is a more rapid start than we had with BBS. 

And on the tumor, Jen?

Sure. And I'll echo the point that David made just in terms of the difference between the number of start forms in the first six weeks of the HO launch versus the BBS launch. The piece, though that I don't exactly remember, is the number of trial conversions on the BBS side, where that study had a much smaller number of total patients who were in the U.S. in that BBS study. But definitely, even with that said, a higher number of Rxs on this launch versus the BBS one.

In terms of the backgrounds of the patients, the vast majority of these patients are with tumor or a tumor treatment-related background. However, our indication is broader, and it covers things like stroke, TBI, or inflammation. And we have received Rxs from patients with these backgrounds as well.

And I think that to date, the physicians who are aware of acquired hypothalamic obesity, I think their thinking is more around the tumor-based background. So there's still a lot of opportunity in terms of even educating physicians holistically in terms of the various other backgrounds that may lead to acquired hypothalamic obesity moving forward as well.

And our last question is going to come from Lisa Walter with RBC Capital.

Maybe just one on Prader-Willi syndrome. I'm just curious how important you think it is for ex-U.S. approval to have both hyperphagia and weight loss on the label. I think with ViTAD, we saw that the EMA perhaps did not want to approve ViTAD, given some of the chosen endpoints. So just curious how you are thinking about Prader-Willi syndrome trial design here for success, both in the U.S. and ex-U.S.

Yes. Thanks for the question. I think one, just back to the mechanism of this drug and this pathway. It's a satiety signal. We reduce hunger. We've shown that consistently across all of our trials. We haven't, for some trial design reasons, had some challenges getting that into the U.S. label, but we have gotten it into the European label. So the European label, it is indicated for the reduction of hunger and diseases that we're studying.

So as I said before, our expectation is that we will seek a label that has both a hyperphagia reduction with the expectation that we would get that worldwide globally, certainly in the three major regions that we've talked about today, and a reduction in weight/BMI.

And I would now like to turn the call back over to David Meeker for closing remarks.

So thanks, everybody, for tuning in. I hope -- and thanks for your patience here. I realize everybody would like the specific numbers and the ability to provide guidance. And as we've said with BBS, and as we all know, launches are enormously challenging to forecast, and rare disease launches are even more difficult. So with that famous caveat that it is early, what you're hearing is, yes, we're pleased. 

We're really pleased with the start here. I think this is a strong start. We're very happy about the breadth of prescribers that Jennifer highlighted. This is not a launch where we've got two or three believers, and they're writing a bunch of scripts. This is where it's very broad.

The dynamic that question was raised. And as Jennifer highlighted, I think the good news about the dynamic is that there's been some reasonable sense of urgency. And we're at the Pediatric Endocrine Society meeting over the weekend in San Francisco. And I've been around a lot of rare disease type meetings, and rare diseases tend to get lost in these larger meetings, and that wasn't a huge meeting. 

But I have to say I was struck by the level of awareness, the number of endos, endocrinologists, pediatric endocrinologists, in this case, with awareness, a tremendous amount of excitement, and just really struggling with what they can do for their patients, and excited about at least now that there's something to do. So all of those dynamics, again, are very much in the positive category here. So we look forward to updating you. That will be on our Q2 call, but pretty excited about where we are out of the gates. Thanks, all.

Thank you. This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating, and you may now disconnect.

Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Rhythm Pharmaceuticals Conference Call. [Operator Instructions]

Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your first speaker today, David Connolly, Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Marvin. This evening, we issued a press release announcing FDA approval of IMCIVREE for patients with acquired hypothalamic obesity. You can access the press release as well as the slides that we will be reviewing tonight by going to the Investors section on our website. Listed on Slide 3 are the speakers for tonight's call. David Meeker, Chair, President and Chief Executive Officer of Rhythm; Jennifer Lee, Executive Vice President, Head of North America; and Hunter Smith, our Chief Financial Officer; and Alicia Fiscus, our Senior Vice President, Head of Global Regulatory Affairs, are also on the line to answer questions.

Before we get started, I would like to remind everyone that the statements we make on this conference call will include forward-looking statements. Actual events or results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements as a result of various risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those set forth in the risk factors in our SEC filings.

In addition, any forward-looking statement made on this call represent our views only as of today and should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date. Except as required by law, we specifically disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements.

With that, I'll turn the call over to David.

Thank you, Dave, and thank you all for joining again on short notice, and it's a relatively uncivil hour of 7:00 p.m. for those of you on the East Coast. It's been an eventful week. As you saw from our press release, we are thrilled to announce that the FDA has granted approval for IMCIVREE in acquired hypothalamic obesity.

We all know how difficult it is to develop a therapy, which is safe and effective, let alone potentially transformative for an individual patient. Most development programs fail, and we shared our own challenging development story with you earlier this week. However, what I think we've done well at Rhythm is to follow the science. We know impaired signaling through the MC4R pathway leads to hyperphagia, lack of satiety, impaired energy expenditure and consequent obesity.

And we know that IMCIVREE and our next-generation molecules are good MC4R agonist. Our challenge has been to identify those patients with impaired signaling who might benefit from an MC4R agonist.

In the case of acquired HO, as many of you may remember, the biology was not obvious. By definition, these patients had injury to the hypothalamus, which in theory might compromise signaling through the pathway. But in addition to pathway injury, wouldn't it be likely one would lose the receptor as well. This disease is a classic example of where a precision medicine unlocks the biology.

The fact that we have seen a remarkably consistent response to an MC4R agonist in each of our trials, whether it is IMCIVREE or our next-generation small molecule tells us that the MC4R pathway is central to the biology. So here we are.

As highlighted on Slide 6, the indication statement is as follows: IMCIVREE is a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist indicated to reduce excess body weight and maintain reduction long term in adults and pediatric patients aged 4 years of age and older with acquired hypothalamic obesity.

We are pleased to have received a broad indication, which is not limited to only tumor-related causes of hypothalamic injury. There are no post-marketing commitments associated with this approval.

Slide 7 shows additional elements of the label, dosing, warnings and precautions and adverse events. There is nothing surprising here. Slide 8. Approval was supported by our global Phase III TRANSCEND trial, which evaluated setmelanotide in patients with acquired hypothalamic obesity. The label reflects the full 142 patient data set, which includes the initial 120 patients we read out as part of the primary analysis, the 12 patients from the Japanese cohort and 10 supplemental patients.

Treatment with setmelanotide resulted in a statistically significant placebo-adjusted difference of 18.4% in BMI reduction after 52 weeks of treatment. In addition to weight reduction, we also observed meaningful improvements in hunger. Among patients aged 12 and older, those treated with setmelanotide experienced an average 2.3 point reduction in weekly average hunger scores as compared with a 1.4 point reduction in the placebo group.

While hunger was not included in the indication statement, these data are included in the new label for IMCIVREE within the clinical results section as it is for each of our other indications. The reduction in hunger is consistent with what we understand about the underlying biology of acquired hypothalamic obesity and with what patients and caregivers describe as the most burdensome aspect of the disease.

I know we will get questions as to how this will impact our probability of getting coverage through Medicare. Jennifer and team have continued to work this issue. We have made progress differentiating ourselves from the other anti-obesity medications through the different compendia used by the payers. We will make further progress as we now come with this new indication. We are not starting from 0.

Slide 9. Today's approval further validates the central role of MC4R pathway impairment across both genetic and acquired forms of rare obesity. IMCIVREE has now demonstrated benefit across multiple diseases driven by this biology, reinforcing the durability of our franchise and supporting our continued investment in international opportunities and our next-generation MC4R agonist.

For hypothalamic obesity, we moved with urgency following proof of concept in the summer of 2022. Following this FDA approval, we look forward to updating you on our Japanese filing progress in Q2. Our EMEA submission for HO is under review. We anticipate the CHMP opinion in Q2 and the EU marketing authorization in the second half of 2026. These are all important milestones for patients with acquired hypothalamic obesity and for Rhythm.

Now before I turn the call over to Jennifer, I want to take a moment to thank the patients and their families. I've been part of many clinical trials over my career, and I don't think I've ever worked on a more complicated disease. Injury to this part of the brain leads to many problems which require treatment. Their medication list alone may be 1 or 2 pages.

Once you add all the additional testing required to be part of a clinical trial, it can become overwhelming and 1/3 of the patients manage all of that as part of the placebo group for a full year. Their contribution and sacrifice is a real gift to their community.

Finally, I want to thank the investigators and their clinical teams for their dedication and to all of the Rhythm employees who worked on this trial, and there were many. It is a passionate and dedicated team who believed in the difference this therapy could make in the lives of patients living with hypothalamic obesity.

With that, I'll turn the call over to Jennifer.

Thank you, David. This is indeed a long-awaited day, and I am excited for all the patients, their families and physicians as they now have a therapy that specifically targets the root cause of their acquired hypothalamic obesity.

I am also excited for Rhythm's North America team who have been preparing and planning for this day for well over a year. Beginning on Slide 11, acquired hypothalamic obesity represents a meaningfully larger opportunity than our genetic indications, including POMC [ leptin biallelic ] as well as BBS, while remaining very much a rare disease launch.

We estimate there are approximately 10,000 patients living with acquired hypothalamic obesity in the United States with roughly 500 incident patients per year. With today's approval, IMCIVREE becomes the first FDA-approved therapy to address the underlying biology of this disease. Historically, there was no approved treatment and therefore, little incentive to diagnose acquired HO.

With the availability of IMCIVREE, we expect more drive to get patients to an accurate diagnosis. And understanding that the need for a treatment option is high, this will lead to more and more patients beginning IMCIVREE over time. Next slide. Our expanded teams are in place, and we are ready to go. As we have shared in the past, we expanded our sales team of territory managers to 42, which is an increase from the 16 territory managers we had in place for the BBS commercial effort.

Our territory managers have been and continue to focus on engaging with physicians at key medical centers across the country. Our Access team as well as our Rhythm InTune patient service team are also in place. Together, these teams support securing reimbursement for patients, educating patients on what to expect when they begin treatment and helping patients stay on therapy to realize the benefits of IMCIVREE.

Next slide. With the treatment now available, we expect acquired hypothalamic obesity to become more widely recognized as a potential repercussion of not only brain tumors and their management, but also potentially the results of other hypothalamic injuries. AHO caused by certain tumors and/or related treatment account for the vast majority of AHO cases, and this population is our immediate focus.

Within this population, our goal is for all incident AHO patients to be diagnosed quickly so they can begin and stay on treatment with IMCIVREE. We will similarly work with urgency to give the broader prevalent population to a diagnosis and an initiation on IMCIVREE.

Next slide. We are excited to have IMCIVREE available to ACPs in acquired hypothalamic obesity patients. The feedback consistently suggests a high unmet need. And as seen in this slide that was shared back in September, the IMCIVREE product profile is resonating with strong interest to prescribe in AHO patients.

Now on to my final slide. Today's approval represents a significant milestone for patients. Our full team has been in the field for months, and we are well positioned to execute the launch and continue to increase diagnosis rates, expand access and to see more patients benefiting from therapy. We are ready and look forward to updating you on our progress.

Thank you, Jennifer. And I think now we can turn the call or open the call for questions.

[Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from the line of Derek Archila of Wells Fargo.

This is Simone on for Derek. Congrats on the approval. Before you had indicated that you will use patient start forms to measure the launch in the beginning. How should we think about the initial patient start form cadence in the first 1 to 2 quarters post launch?

Yes. Maybe I'll lead off here and then Jennifer can then amplify. I think as we've been pretty clear as we've had this question multiple times, and it's the right question coming in. Jennifer said, we're incredibly excited about this opportunity. I mean it's meaningfully larger. It's organized in a very different way in these specialties. And so our ability to identify patients is going to be significantly greater than BBS, for example, which is a bit more of a needle in a haystack exercise. However, as Jennifer said, this is -- has many elements of a rare disease.

And those elements, which are not everybody has a diagnosis. And so even though a health care provider may say, yes, that patient fits the profile, I hadn't thought about that, they will want to bring that patient back in. And so there'll be issues such as getting access to their physician, health care provider.

There's not -- these endocrinologists tend to be busy, so there won't necessarily be immediate access in that sense. So that will be a little bit of a delay. And then although we're in a really good position with the payers having launched PPL, our POMC leptin receptor and BBS, and they have good familiarity with the drug, and we have very good coverage across all payer segments there with the exception of Medicare. That will be our starting point, but you still need policies put in place. But having taken the bulk of the answer, Jennifer, other things there that we should add?

So I think you've covered the majority. I would say that the expansion of the team also will allow us to expedite the education and outreach to the physicians that we have outlined. David, you already mentioned the access environment, which I think took years to get to, which is an amazing starting point in terms of the next indication.

And we've had positive feedback through the research that we've conducted in terms of the payers understanding that this is an extension in terms of a different indication that is an MC4R disease, different than general obesity. I think the other piece is that the data for IMCIVREE is quite strong in the patient population and the unmet need in this patient population, who have some of them tried other things is quite high.

So all of this leads to positive condition just in terms of us launching in this indication. I would say that even on the caveat side, everything that you outlined in terms of timing is true. The alignment in terms of rare disease, not all patients are suspected, but we are having very good discussions with physicians, who are suspecting and wanting to get patients to a diagnosis. And that's amplified now that there's a treatment option available. So very excited overall in terms of our ability to get this product out to the market.

So Simone, the short answer to your question is there will be a steady ramp faster than BBS, we anticipate, but not we've contrasted with up Prader-Willi launch, for example, which is a near-term reference point that a lot of people point to.

Our next question comes from the line of Tazeen Ahmad of Bank of America.

Congratulations on the approval. I maybe wanted to get a sense, David, about what metrics we should be expecting to get. So for similar types of launches, companies at least initially provide things like script data, maybe number of touch points with physicians, how many physicians are writing scripts, et cetera.

Can you give us a sense of what to expect here, if anything, on that granularity that I just asked about? And should we expect you to start breaking out your revenues by indication?

Yes. No, thanks, Tazeen. You highlighted exactly what I would anticipate. It's very much what we did with BBS. So we will give you start forms. We will give you insight into payer coverage as we get a sense for lives covered and again, we'll do our best to give you a feeling for how that part of the process is going.

Physicians' writing scripts is also something that we've done at least qualitatively. So those are the 3 categories, in which you can expect to get information. We will not be breaking out revenue initially. I think revenue early on in a rare disease launch is not so helpful because of all the points we highlighted in the answer to the prior question.

I think the things with all of you and what we'll be looking at is are patients getting in, getting the diagnosis? Are they getting a script written? And then how are we doing in terms of beginning to work them through the process.

Our next question comes from the line of Michael Ulz of Morgan Stanley.

This is Rohit on for Mike. Congratulations on the approval. I think in the past, you've said greater than 75 patients are enrolled in the extension trial. How soon do you expect them to get on paid drug? And then in terms of pricing, will it be the same as BBS?

Do you want to take that, Jennifer?

Sure. Pricing-wise, we are keeping a similar pricing for all indications for IMCIVREE. In terms of the patients that were in the study, our patient service team has been in very close contact with our clinical teams, who've also been putting them in contact with the PIs. So that is an ongoing process just in terms of being able to understand the actual prescriber that would be prescribing the drug to transition patients over from a clinical trial over to commercial.

So we're going to be working quickly just in terms of getting those Rxs over and then working the process just in terms of reimbursement and gaining access for those patients.

Our next question comes from the line of Corinne Johnson of Goldman Sachs.

Congrats again on the approval. In the past, you spoke -- I think at last fall, you talked about having 2,000 patients or so identified. I'm curious where that number stands today? And if you could speak to the process of getting those patients actually on the drug. And then kind of separately on the reimbursement front, could you remind us what the payer mix is here and how it compares to your other indications with any kind of read-through implications to the coverage piece of this?

Jennifer?

Sure. So we had outlined the 2,000 number back in September. Since that point, our teams have been continuing to reach out to physicians and so that number is growing. We are not updating that number at this point of time.

But just in terms of process-wise, I think that there are going to be physicians with diagnosed patients that are ready to go just in terms of ready to prescribe IMCIVREE. The timing element is -- the timing element of when that next physician -- next physician will actually be seeing that patient in the next visit.

So there's a bit of a lag from approval to actually getting the Rx as the physician has a discussion with that patient. From a payer mix perspective, our data outlined as we went through the process, more patients that had backgrounds that were very similar to AHO patients starting with the brain tumor, the management, the evidence of endocrinopathies, evidence of obesity and was seeing an endocrinologist on an ongoing basis.

So while we have that information, we don't have validation that they're all diagnosed AHO patients. So the payer mix is still TBD at this point of time. I think with that said, from BBS versus AHO, these tumors are bimodal just in terms of age distribution.

So I would expect that there would be a skew towards older patient population in general, which may impact the payer mix. But similarly to BBS, we're going to have to see what the age distribution and payer mix ultimately looks like. In the initial stages of the BBS launch, we saw younger patients in general that were scripted initially. So we're going to have to see how that goes as we move forward with the launch.

Our next question comes from the line of Samantha Semenkow of Citi.

I'm wondering, just based on the payer interactions that you've had to date prior to the approval, what are payers looking for in terms of a patient disposition? Is there a certain amount of BMI change that they're looking for? Is it the rapid weight gain? I'm just curious what they are going to be scoring on in order to approve treatment with IMCIVREE.

Yes. So what was interesting, even looking at the BBS launch is that they were definitely looking similar just in terms of does this drug actually work. I think that was like the main thing, and that will be similar for the HO patient population. The standard is a change just in terms of BMI from baseline to the first evaluation point.

But there were other things even that indicated that there was clinical benefit, especially if it was expressed by the physician in terms of impact on hunger and those types of parameters. So I think it's like holistic just in general, and they are really looking to see that the patients are benefiting on this drug.

Our next question comes from the line of Jon Wolleben of Citizens.

Congrats. I'm wondering if you could talk a little bit about your expectations for prior authorization, what payers are going to want to see to get patients on drug and remind us of what's necessary for an actual diagnosis of HO?

Right. So in terms of the market research that we did, we did ask general questions in terms of what would be required for documentation of the diagnosis, and we also probe specifically on different points. So in terms of documentation by the physician, it was a clinical diagnosis similar to our study.

There was no specific requirements for imaging in terms of MRI or CT scans to prove this point, but more like looking back in terms of the fact that, that patient had, for example, the brain tumor patients, an injury that happened with confirmation that there was obesity that also -- a weight gain that happened shortly after. So more of a clinical diagnosis versus a requirement for imaging that was expressed in the market in sights.

Our next question comes from the line of Thomas Smith of Leerink Partners.

This is Brian Conley on for Tom Smith. Congrats again on the approval. Just curious here if you can elaborate on your launch readiness in terms of the size of the sales team. And maybe if you can comment on your strategy in focusing on patients that had previous tumor treatments versus patients that are currently being treated or seen by an endocrinologist.

Sure. So our sales team was hired last year, and we have a rightsized team that is 42 on ground that have been working through the tiered list in terms of targeted ACPs to educate. Holistically, our data leads us to the physicians that have the highest volume of potential AHO patients just in terms of prioritization.

It just also naturally led us to key centers that treat pituitary brain tumor patients. And these centers are outlined across the nation. And this is where the patients go when they're diagnosed with a brain tumor. That's where they get their management. It's where they are linked also with an endocrinologist that is there to treat their resulting endocrinopathies.

So I would say that, that is a high area of focus and it allows us to potentially get patients to a really quick diagnosis once the symptoms of AHO actually initiate. However, like I said, like our list leads us to the physicians and not all the physicians that we've identified are dislocated just in these centers themselves. So we're going physician by physician in terms of that education, and we'll continue to do that throughout the launch.

Our next question comes from the line of Ellen Horste of TD Cowen.

Congratulations on the approval. I'm on for Phil. One question from us. Previously, you mentioned that you're in the process of getting an ICD-10 code for HO. Do you have an update on the estimated time line for that? And do you see that as a growth lever in the early launch?

Sure. Our efforts just in terms of getting the ICD-10 code specific for HO are ongoing. And the timing will be TBD as we continue those discussions. And we hope very much to have something in place similar to our success in terms of getting one in place for BBS.

I think that because, of course, having the ICD-10 code in place would be a true -- would be great just in terms of having another crumb that's quite strong to lead us to the right physician to educate.

With that said, as I've outlined, I think that the data that we have to triangulate to that right physician in HO is so much stronger than our ability to do the same for an indication like BBS. So I feel very confident just in terms of the list that we have in terms of physicians even without that code at this point in time.

Our next question comes from the line of Seamus Fernandez of Guggenheim Securities.

This is Evan Wang on for Seamus. Adding our congrats on the approval. Understanding that there's no update on the patients identified, but can you talk more about the -- its reception from the physician outreach thus far, I guess, both in terms of if the number of patients they're managing is in line with your estimates and also how they're planning to initially prescribe IMCIVREE among their patients?

Sorry, can I just ask you to repeat the last part of the question?

Curious if any learnings from the physician outreach in terms of how they plan to initially prescribe IMCIVREE among their patients.

Okay. Sure. I think overall, just as we have gone through the list, one, the data limitation is that our purview of look back is limited to patients who had brain tumor management within the past 10 years. So that's one limitation. But it's also potentially one reason why some of the patients or some of the physicians actually have more patients than what our claims analysis has shown. On the flip side, we have come across some physicians, who were identified as having a patient that has indicated that they do not.

So it's a bit of a mix, but I would say holistically, just in terms of even taking a look at that number that we outlined in September, we feel very good just in terms of being able to identify the right physician that ultimately may have one of these patients.

And I would say that a lot of those discussions are leading to those moments where the physician may not even know that they have that patient, but in reflection in terms of the background, they're thinking twice in terms of whether or not they actually do have these patients within their practice. And that's the evaluation that they're doing following our education.

In terms of Rxs, like I said, it's -- as in any disease, any -- I would say that there are physicians who are -- have and quite aware just in terms of AHO and been diagnosing those patients and treating those patients and understands the need for another therapy and are ready to prescribe.

And on the other end of the spectrum, like I said, there are certain physicians who -- well, they didn't even realize that they may have a patient and our education is getting them to that point where they need to do further evaluation. So I think the education is what will lead to the Rxs with some ready to go and some needing a bit more time.

Our next question comes from the line of Dennis Ding of Jefferies.

This is Anthea on for Dennis. Congrats on the approval. Could you provide a little bit more information on kind of the CMS' receptivity to rare obesity indications and what the gating factors are for coverage, not only for HO, but also whether that could come online for BBS and POMC as well?

Go ahead.

Maybe I -- Jennifer, go ahead.

So we -- when we got approval for BBS, we engaged with all payers, including CMS, knowing that there was the restriction that was specifically outlined in terms of Medicare for weight loss medications. At that time, it was a different group that we spoke with that there was clarity just in terms of wanting just something more than weight loss in terms of the indication and the PI itself.

We reengaged in discussions, but decided more recently in terms of HO to hold off until we actually saw what our ultimate label would look like. That doesn't mean though we weren't continuing our efforts. We continued our efforts across the Board to support access, which included what David outlined in terms of our work compendia by compendia. These are clinical compendias and pricing compendias.

And throughout all that work, we were able to convert the classification of IMCIVREE from an anti-obesity medication to something different in each of those categories, whether it's genetic protein replacements or endocrine and metabolic agents. And through that process, we've gone back to payers, and we've had success just in terms of being able to once again gain access through that differentiation.

So now that we have our indication, we do plan to go back to CMS and outline the progress that we've made and continue those discussions. David, I don't know if you want to add anything there.

No. It's perfect.

Our next question comes from the line of Lisa Walter of RBC.

Congrats on the approval. Just curious, does your market research with payers suggest that they would be open to covering a combo treatment with IMCIVREE and a GLP-1? Any color here would be helpful.

So our market research was focused on covering IMCIVREE. So we did not ask the specific question in terms of combo therapy. I think holistically, our real sort of positioning of the drug is the initiation and the foundation treatment for these patients to address what's missing in their -- and the cause of their specific obesity. So that was the discussions that we had. So I don't have color just. In terms of combination.

Yes. And the only thing I'd add to that, I think we, over the past few years, learned a lot about GLP-1s and their potential use in patients with MC4R deficiency. For the most part, POMC, leptin receptor biallelics, BBS, they're not used, not to say that there isn't some use. And we had additional data as part of this current study, where we had about 30 patients in the trial, who would -- either about half of those patients had previously used a GLP-1 and not had the response they wanted or they were on the drug when they started the trial, which was allowed as long as they weren't actively losing weight.

And we were able to have the weight curves or BMI curves, if you will, for each of those patients, and you could see the accelerated weight gain when they had their injury, you could see when they started their GLP-1s and almost always, in each of these patients' cases, in those where there was some weight loss, it tended not to gain sustained for the most part, and then it would start to regain and then they had a good response to setmelanotide.

But I think the conclusion here is if you have a deficit in your MC4R signaling, one of the other anti-obesity medicines is going to have a hard time working. It's not that it can't have any effect, but it will have a hard time working. So back to Jennifer's point that we do think that you want to restore the normal physiology first, replace what's missing in this case, the alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone with an analog such as IMCIVREE.

And then once you've done that, if you need additional, then, of course, you can add something on. And I don't know if Jennifer mentioned, I mean, we have not basically had a requirement to step through GLP-1s. They have not been researched in this indication. They're not specifically indicated for that, although they're indicated for weight reduction. So we'll see. But I think the biggest issue is they're not the biologic answer here.

Our next question comes from the line of Paul Matteis of Stifel.

This is Julian on for Paul. Congrats on the update and positive news. Just wanted to clarify whether you all were expecting for the treatment of hyperphagia to be included in the indication statement? Or does it read exactly as you anticipated with its inclusion in the clinical data section? And then one other quick question as well is on the warning slide for the monitoring patients for adrenal insufficiency, do you have a sense on what that exactly entails? And is that surprising to you given the population here?

Yes. I'll take the adrenal first. And then Alicia, maybe you want to make a comment on how the whole hyperphagia piece evolved. The adrenal insufficiency caution there and the warning is something we favored being put in. 80%-ish of these patients -- well, 80-plus percent have some degree of hormonal insufficiency, pituitary insufficiency, often which includes the presence of either vasopressin insufficiency, formerly known as diabetes insipidus, and/or adrenal insufficiency.

And so if they have an acute injury or some severe event, then they need coverage of their steroids, stress dose steroid dose, if you will. And for the diabetes insipidus, the vasopressin insufficiency part of their disease, their challenge there is that they can't manage their salt and water.

So they have to be very closely monitored. And that's their baseline state before they enter the trial or went on IMCIVREE. The point of that warning was just that as you -- if you are losing weight and you're eating changes and the like, you want to pay attention to both the doses of the medications you're on, and they are on many because particularly if there's a weight-related part of that.

And in this case of the vasopressin insufficiency, your water balance and so your sodium. So it's to make sure that doctors are vigilant. They don't just start a medication like this and realize that these complicated patients may not have other things which need to be monitored. Alicia, do you want to just comment a little bit on the hyperphagia?

Yes, sure. Thanks, David. So giving hyperphagia or reduction in hunger in the indication statement, we were limited because the FDA will not accept a subgroup analysis for labeling claims. Our hunger instrument assesses self-reported in age 12 and over, which is the self-reported is what they place the most value on and caregiver reported under 12.

And just to finish on that, the question was, was it what we expected? Yes, this is what we expected. Was it what we had hoped for? No. We had hoped for potentially that this time we would be able to break through. But as Alicia said, they've been just remarkably consistent on their general response to how they see the hyperphagia piece of it.

I'm showing no further questions at this time. I'd now like to turn it back to David Meeker for closing remarks.

Great. Well, thanks, everybody, for tuning in, as I said, on short notice. Obviously, an important moment for Rhythm, but a really important moment for patients with hypothalamic obesity. I mean the role this part of their disease plays on their overall quality of life is immense. And I think as all of us have heard these stories and got to know some of these patients and their families, they were really -- they are desperate for help. And setmelanotide is not a cure, but I think it has an opportunity to make a real difference for these patients. So we're really excited to get going, and I think we're well positioned to do that, and we look forward to updating you all. Thank you.

Thank you for your participation in today's conference. This does conclude the program. You may now disconnect.

Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Rhythm Pharmaceuticals Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Dave Connolly, Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Daniel, and good afternoon, everyone, and welcome. This afternoon, we issued a press release with the Phase III top line results for our EMANATE trial. You can access the press release as well as the slides that we will be reviewing today by going to the Investors section of our website. Listed on Slide 3 are the speakers for today's call. David Meeker, Chair, President and Chief Executive Officer, will walk through these data. And Dr. Alastair Garfield, our Chief Scientific Officer; and Hunter Smith, our CFO, are available to answer questions on this call as well.

Before we get started, I would like to remind everyone that these statements we make on this conference call will include forward-looking statements. Actual events or results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements as a result of various risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those set forth in the risk factors in our Risk Factors section of our SEC filings. In addition, any forward-looking statement made on this call represents our views only as of today and should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date. Except as required by law, we specifically disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements.

With that, I'll turn the call over to David.

Thank you, Dave, and thank you all for joining this afternoon. It's been a long road, ending not exactly where we had hoped, missing the primary endpoint in all 4 cohorts, but with some positive elements, which will position us well going forward. As expected, we saw positive signals in the POMC Het cohort. Somewhat unexpectedly, the SH2B1 cohort was negative. And surprisingly, we did see a clear signal in the SRC1 cohort. We will look at each of these in greater detail.

We continue to look forward to our March 20 PDUFA date, and I will have no further comments about that on today's call. In addition to the signals in the POMC and SRC1 cohorts, we have learned more about each of these genes, which will position us to design a better study going forward. We know patients with impaired signaling through the pathway have a difficult time losing weight with diet and exercise, and we have not seen a clear placebo effect in any of our trials. The stronger placebo response in some of the cohorts is consistent with a larger number of patients having benign variant and a pathophysiology more consistent with general obesity.

Finally, this trial suffered from an exceptionally high dropout rate, which becomes extremely challenging when you perform the conservative multiple imputation analysis on the primary endpoint. Slide 6 shows the top line data. The values are the least square mean difference between setmelanotide and placebo for the modified intent-to-treat analysis using multiple imputation for the missing data points. As you can see from the p-values, we missed the primary endpoint analysis for each of the 4 genes.

Now before we dig more deeply into the data, let's briefly revisit how we got here, beginning on Slide 7 with a familiar cartoon of the MC4R pathway. Our approach to identifying genetic populations likely to respond to setmelanotide was always a holistic process based on evolving scientific and clinical data that supported MC4R pathway dysfunction as a contributor to obesity in these patients. The genes under investigation in our EMANATE study all impact POMC neuron function and are predicted to reduce alpha-MSH, suggesting that replacement with setmelanotide would be effective in reestablishing pathway function and reducing body weight. The success of this approach is predicated on understanding that the gene variants we enrolled do indeed compromise MC4R pathway function.

As shown on Slide 8, this variant classification process is a significant challenge for both the medical genetics field and Rhythm in no small part due to the fact that scientific understanding of variants is always evolving, leading to a dynamic classification process. For our POMC, PCSK1 and LEPR heterozygous cohorts, we had a good understanding of our enrolled variants that enable more accurate patient enrollment, which as you will see, is borne out in our genetically confirmed cohort analyses.

By comparison, much less was known about the SRC1 and SH2B1 cohorts where almost all variants are classified as VUS, variants of unknown significance. As a reminder, on average, only 20% of VUS variants end up being classified as P, pathogenic or likely pathogenic. The gray box in the upper right corner shows which variant classifications were enrolled in each cohort. For POMC, PCSK1 and LEPR Hets, we enrolled pathogenic, likely pathogenic and suspected pathogenic variants, the latter representing variants still classified as VUS, but the data is increasingly pointing towards that variant being pathogenic. For SRC1, all patients were VUS, whereas the SH2B1 gene had a mix with the 16P11 deletion patients by definition, having loss of function of the gene.

Slide 9 shows the number of patients enrolled in each cohort, which is noteworthy for the small number of patients in the leptin receptor Het cohort. This is an extremely rare indication, and we were not able to enroll fully. The trial design was a standard double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized 1:1 with a primary endpoint of change in BMI at 52 weeks.

Slide 10 shows the demographics, which were similar across cohorts. On average, patients in each group suffered with severe obesity with BMI values greater than 40. The adverse event profile as shown on Slide 11 is similar to other trials run with setmelanotide with injection site reactions, GI complaints and hyperpigmentation being most common.

Slide 12 shows the dropout rate with an average 40% to 60% of patients discontinuing with the exception of the LEPR Het group with a very small number of patients, the dropout rate was similar between treated and placebo patients.

Slide 13 shows the reasons for discontinuations, aggregating patients across all 4 studies. Patient decision was the most common reason for patients on placebo and adverse events were the most common reason for patients on setmelanotide. Now beginning with the POMC Hets cohort on Slide 15, let's dig into the clinical data. As you might expect, we have looked at the data several ways. We missed on the primary endpoint in the modified intent-to-treat population using the conservative multiple imputation method required by regulatory authorities where the imputed data is informed by the opposite arm. Specifically, a patient who discontinues in the setmelanotide arm at whatever time point will be considered as though their outcome at week 52 was the same as the placebo group.

On Slide 15, we show a post-hoc analysis using the last observation carried forward methodology where the last value a patient has prior to discontinuing is used for the final analysis. This showed a highly statistically significant difference of 5.53% for the same modified intent-to-treat population.

Moving to Slide 16. As noted in the intro, we have utilized an in-vitro assay to assess loss of function for each of the variants in the POMC and LEPR genes. This allowed us to classify variants as pathogenic, likely pathogenic and suspected pathogenic. The study protocol included reconfirming the genetic eligibility and variant classification for each patient in order to conduct a prespecified analysis for genetically confirmed patients. That reconfirmation resulted in a net 11 patients being removed for not having that genetic confirmation. On Slide 16, we show using the last observation carryforward methodology in the genetically confirmed cohort, a statistically significant difference of 6.8%.

Slide 17. Finally, using the rationale that a response to setmelanotide, a highly specific peptide of the MC4R receptor provides further evidence that the MC4R pathway is central to that patient's disease, we looked at those genetically confirmed patients who completed the study. This additional post-hoc analysis showed a highly statistically significant lease square mean difference of 9.7%.

The short story for the LEPR Het cohort is summarized on Slide 19. These patients were hard -- rare and hard to recruit. A small number of patients recruited had one variant, which on reanalysis was down classified by our central lab. We do not anticipate doing further work on this patient population.

The SRC1 cohort, as we have highlighted multiple times, by virtue of the fact that all variants enrolled were classified as VUS had a low probability of success. Despite that, the primary endpoint modified intent-to-treat analysis with multiple imputation for the almost 60% of patients who discontinued from this cohort was a least square mean value of minus 4% and showed the strongest trend towards significance with a p-value of equal to 0.12.

On Slide 21, in the same post-hoc analysis we performed for the POMC Het patients using the last observation carried forward methodology, we saw a highly statistically significant lease square mean difference of 6.24%.

On Slide 22, we looked at the post-hoc analysis of genetically confirmed patients who completed the study where we saw a statistically significant difference of 8%.

Finally, on Slide 23, to give you an example of the process by which we can work to better understand loss of function and the ability of patients with a true loss of function variant to respond to treatment, we examined those patients who had a variant in the critical binding domain for the protein for the SRC1 protein. 19 patients carried this variant with 12 of the 19 completing the trial. In those 12 patients, the placebo-adjusted difference was 12.7%.

The most disappointing cohort was SH2B1/16p11. We had hypothesized that the 16p11 deletion patients who, by definition, would have loss of function of the SH2B1 gene, which is embedded in the deleted region, should respond. The modified intent to treat showed no effect on average. And when we look at the genetically confirmed completer analysis shown on Slide 25, the difference was only 3% and not statistically significant.

A further analysis looking only at the known loss of function 16p11 patients on Slide 26 similarly showed only a modest effect, which did not reach statistical significance. In summary, we are disappointed by the top line results, but encouraged by the findings in the POMC Hets and SRC1 cohorts. We will continue to interrogate these and other DAYBREAK genes from our Phase II study to improve our ability to determine loss of function variants.

Our priorities going forward for our next-generation therapies will be the HO studies, the Prader-Willi studies, BBS studies and patients with confirmed loss of function genetic variants. Patients with genetically impaired signaling through the MC4 pathway represent a significant unmet medical need and addressing that need is one of the 3 key pillars of Rhythm's strategy. The other 2, as you know, are anatomic abnormalities of the hypothalamus, which acquired HO is perhaps best known, and we look forward to the upcoming PDUFA date. The third pillar is Prader-Willi syndrome, a genetic disease but with unique challenges and representing a large unmet need.

I want to close by thanking the patients, their families and our clinical investigators and their teams. This trial was not easy. It was statistically negative, but not negative in terms of the learnings, which will move us closer to developing a meaningful treatment for these diseases. And with that, we can open it up for questions.

[Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from Phil Nadeau with TD Cowen.

Just a question on next steps to dive in a little bit further. It seems like the imputation analyses that you did computing what placebo would have done are very conservative and maybe not appropriate for a study with such a high dropout rate. So I guess first part of the question is, why wasn't that the imputation method that was chosen? And then second, on next steps, it sounds like you're not going to take the data to the FDA to see if like the completer analysis or LOCF could support a filing. Is that fair?

Yes. Taking the second part of the question, that's correct. We're not going to file on any of these. So I think the way we're looking at this data, if it was robustly positive, we would, of course, as we've said, taken that to the regulators, FDA. Your question about whether they would accept a different approach, no. I think there -- across all of our programs, they've used the same, call it, conservative, they would call it standard multiple imputation analysis. We use it for HO. If we've done a less observation carried forward even in that trial with a much smaller dropout rate, we would have had a slightly better result. So it is a more favorable way of looking at that.

The value in doing it that way is to help us internally. I think our goal was to try to use this data to understand does it work in that gene or not. I think we're exiting this saying, I still think it works on Leptin Receptor Hets, to be honest. That's so rare that's -- and it was challenging -- so challenging to recruit. I think it's unlikely, as I indicated in my comments, that we would do more work. SH2B1, that was pretty negative. It's not 100% negative, but I think we're not going to rush there to do additional work. Whereas for the POMC Hets and the SRC1, I think we will. It won't be the highest priority coming out of the list of things that I put forward there, but we will get to that. So does that answer your question, Phil?

Our next question comes from Tazeen Ahmad with Bank of America.

I just wanted to ask about the potential of looking at these same basket indications for your next-gen assets. Based on what you saw for setmelanotide, does that reduce your interest in looking at the ones that didn't work for the follow-on compound? And if not, can you give us a sense of how you're thinking about when you might try to look at the next-gen compounds in these indications?

Yes. Thanks for allowing me to clarify that. Yes, all additional work, future work will be done with the next gen. So we would not go back and run another trial with setmelanotide in these. I think this data is relevant in the regulatory conversation, and we know that, that it's providing with the subsequent -- some post-hoc, some not post-hoc, but the subsequent analysis, I think, give us reasonable confidence, and I think regulators would look at this as supportive evidence for the role of MC4R in these indications, and then we need to run a positive trial with one of the next gen, which we would do.

As I mentioned in my response to Phil, we -- our initial priorities, not surprisingly, are going to be to run the HO studies, definitely getting Prader-Willi up and running as quickly as we can. We want to have the next-gen run in BBS so that we check the boxes on our approved indications and get those taken care of. And then we'll be looking at the additional genes, and we'll be weighing both what we've learned here and also what we know from what we learned in our DAYBREAK studies, and we'll begin to pick and there's probably 5 plus or minus genes across this group, which would be of the highest priority.

Our next question comes from Derek Archila with Wells Fargo.

Just wondering if the level of discontinuations you saw in the trial were expected. And maybe just remind us how these populations are different from Bardet-Biedl and HO in terms of sensitivity to adverse events seen with setmelanotide.

Yes, it's a good question. I think there's more for us to learn here about exact reasons why. But just to highlight a few things. Let's take Bardet-Biedl, where we had a 20-plus percent discontinuation rate. Those patients, many of them had caregivers who are working with them. So there were other support structures around them, which made it easier for them to stay in a trial. We also had a shorter placebo period.

HO in contrast was a full year study. Most probably also had supportive structures around them to a higher degree than this population, but they also were seeing a larger benefit. And so motivation to stay on there might have been greater. I think this trial, we started running back in 2022. It's been going for a long time. We are running against the emergence of GLP-1s, for example. And so I think there's a lot of patients in this study who might have been looking over the fence at other things they could be taking, if they weren't seeing a dramatic response and being in a trial like this has a pretty significant burden in terms of commitments and the number of tests that need to be done. So there's no one answer, but the aggregation of things, timing, level of burden, not the most dramatic response on average, I think, left us where we are with a high discount rate.

Our next question comes from Seamus Fernandez with Guggenheim Securities.

This is Ed Lang on for Seamus. Just following up on some of the discontinuation rates. Any more details you can provide on specific AEs or subject decision that comprise the majority of dropouts versus some of the expectations? And really just curious potential to mitigate with the next-gen or [indiscernible] assets. I'm wondering if this is more Sentinel related or whether there's other optimizations that can be done.

Second, just curious in terms of prioritization of next-gen assets here, which ones you may think could be more appropriate? And then third, is there an opportunity to further exploit dose for patients reaching max dose of Sentinel?

Okay. You're breaking the one-question rule there. Let's see what we can do here. So I think in terms of discounts, I don't -- the split, as we said, the placebo group was basically patient choice, and that's everything, mostly the list that I ran through. I think those in the set group had adverse events. The adverse event profile, again, as highlighted, is exactly what we've seen in the other trials where we didn't have that kind of discount rate. So I think you couple an adverse event with maybe not getting the result that they had expected, whatever, it's invariably a combination of factors for them.

Have you run a better trial, I think the focus on running a better trial will be taking what we've learned from this, and we have learned and there's stuff we're in the process of learning today, to be honest with you, about how to better identify patients with true loss of function. So you take that into the next trial, which says we want to minimize the number of patients who don't have true loss of function. They're not going to benefit. And if you can truly be more specific about the true loss of function, again, they'll run a better trial. And then it's just execution on the trial. And there are things that we just didn't execute on well, either as a company or as a CRO, we're working with. And so those are learnings.

Again, Rhythm, we've matured a bit as a company. And so I think we can just run a better trial. But the bigger factor will be getting the right patients in, of course. Your question about higher doses, I don't think -- that's an interesting question. When we come to the next-gen, I mean, they're not apples-to-apples in terms of dosing. So what is the dose for the weekly and what is the dose for the daily oral, we'll figure that out. But I think for any population we're in, we're always asking the question of, are we in the right dosing range and for Set, I think somewhat luckily, for the most part, we have been. We'll continue to ask that question going forward.

Our next question comes from Corinne Johnson with Goldman Sachs.

Maybe you could talk a little bit to your last point about the trade-offs between getting more specific on identifying the patients that would respond best to the therapy versus the pace of enrollment and finding those patients? And related to that, how has the genetic testing progressed, if at all, since you started EMANATE that you could kind of take advantage of in a future iteration of this program?

Yes. So that -- I would take the trade-offs part of it. As you know, Corinne, my background in rare diseases have really been shaped by I think this is true across all medicines. It certainly works or all diseases certainly works in rare diseases. You want to get responders. And the more diluted you are by patients who don't respond, even though you can feel good about a "higher faster rate of enrollment, you're not serving anybody and you end up in a place where we are today probably with a nonsignificant result, and we probably could have done better if we've been able to better identify the patients. So that's going to be the highest priority.

I think we have insights into that, certainly for the POMC Hets and for the SRC1 that will allow us to be better at that. The genetic testing is a key part of the genetic strategy. And I think many of you have heard us talk about this, which is Rhythm's goal is not to be a testing company, but we recognize in a rare disease space, the company often has to provide the testing. We do that today. We've learned a lot from that.

Our goal ultimately, as we get more genetically driven diseases approved, then the value of testing goes up. And so you're running a panel. And if you're looking for one, your hit rate off the panel will be low. If you have 5 potential genes on that panel, which might translate to responding to therapy, then by definition, you'll have a higher hit rate and you're likely to test more. So there's a virtuous circle that we'll be entering into as we begin to develop this further.

And then ultimately, back to us not being a testing company, as obesity evolves here, 2 things -- multiple things will happen. But one of the things that's going to happen is as GLP-1 use becomes broader, it's not everything, it's a hammer and everything is a nail. That's no longer true. And increasingly, people will recognize GLP-1 failures, how do they work them up. One of the obvious things you can do is test those patients for their genetics. And so these things are going to come together and Rhythm and the MC4R pathway diseases are going to surface, I think, in that kind of dynamic. So did I answer your question?

Our next question comes from Mike Ulz with Morgan Stanley.

This is [indiscernible] on for Mike. Due to the rare nature of these genes, is there anything that you can do to accelerate enrollment for future next-gen trials? And then how much did hyperpigmentation contribute to discontinuations?

Yes. And the second part, I don't know -- that's probably in the data set. I don't know it today. I'll just answer that by saying, overall of our experience, hyperpigmentation is about 5% of patients who discontinue about 5% of it is due to the hyperpigmentation. I would guess it's probably similar here in terms of overall percentage.

What can we do to accelerate enrollment? That's just increasing testing and increasing awareness. And like I said, I really think this dynamic of patients who fail to respond to GLP-1s, that world is exponentially growing. And so the pool of patients who have a history of early onset obesity, who failed to respond to a GLP-1, they're going to be prime candidates to be tested.

And one of the things about the VUS challenges that we talked about, which is, okay, you got tested, but your results show that you have a VUS. I don't know what to do with that. If you are an individual who's failed a GLP-1, had a history of early onset obesity and certainly, if you had hyperphagia, the probability that your VUS is pathogenic is higher than if you're just a random individual with a variant in that gene. So I think these are things that will increasingly make the next trial easier to run and to recruit into.

Our next question comes from John Wolleben with Citizens.

Just wondering if you could talk a little bit more when you say additional work with the next-gen, what that could look like? Would they be smaller Phase II studies or a chance for a Phase II/III pivotal program?

Yes. So here's one. So the first thing I want you to take away is the priorities for Rhythm right now are these more important from a company strategic standpoint, trials, the Prader-Willi [indiscernible] and BBS, as I indicated. On the genetic side of the equation, some of -- there's some investigator-initiated work going on now. You could imagine, and we are looking at it, that some of the syndromes where, by definition, if you have a syndrome, we know you have loss of function to the extent that we have some insight into that through early proof of concept, then we might run a study there, and we would run study, call it a 2, 3, whatever. But I think -- and the dosing for the most part, when we say 2, 3, you're sort of -- the 2 part is trying to figure out your dosing and the like. We'd run 1 trial and however, we would have to design it. But we -- for each of these genetic, it would be only one trial. And to the extent we go back to POMC Het, for example, or SRC1, this data, as I said earlier, would be supportive in that regulatory filing in terms of the role of MC4R pathway, and we would be enrolling patients with a slightly narrower scope, but with a higher probability of having loss of function in their gene.

Our next question comes from Lisa Walter with RBC.

It sounds like the plan is to explore development path forward with the next-gen MC4R agonist. But I'm wondering what the strategy might be to ensure fewer placebo arm discontinuations going forward even with these next-gen assets. Any color here would be helpful.

Yes. I mean that's a challenge. I think -- so aside from just supporting patients in any trial, which is what a well-run trial does, you just try to get patients to hang in there. I think we did a really good job in our HO study and those patients hung in there. One of the things that helps placebo patients stay in is, a, a belief that they don't have other good options. So I'm a GLP-1 failure, nothing else has worked. This is my hope. And I know that when I finish the trial, then I have a shot, I will get the drug. So that's the biggest thing. And then secondly, back to expectations of having a reasonable response. So you manage placebo groups by having the reward at the end be meaningful to them in addition to the just general support.

I'm showing no further questions at this time. This concludes the question-and-answer session. I would now like to turn it back to David Meeker for closing remarks.

Okay. Well, thanks, everybody, for tuning in on short notice here. back to where I started. I'm disappointed in this. But actually, this is a solid building block going forward. And I think you've heard me speak before, and you'll hear me speak again. I think I'm pretty excited about where Rhythm is and all the things we have coming down the pike here. So we look forward to our next conversation. Thanks.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect you lines.

Good day and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Rhythm Pharmaceuticals Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2025 Earnings Conference Call.

[Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your first speaker today, Dave Connolly. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Tanya. I'm David Connolly here at Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. For those of you participating on the conference call, our slides can be accessed and controlled by going to the Investors section of our website, ir.rhythmtx.com. This morning, we issued a press release that provides the fourth quarter 2025 and full year 2025 financial results and a business update, and that press release is also available on our website.

Our agenda is listed on Slide 2. On the call today are David Meeker, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President; Jennifer Lee, Executive Vice President, Head of North America; Hunter Smith, Chief Financial Officer; and Yann Mazabraud, Executive Vice President, Head of International is on the line joining us from Europe.

On Slide 3, I'll remind you that this call contains remarks concerning future expectations, plans and prospects, which constitute forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by these forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including those discussed in our most recent annual or quarterly reports on file with the SEC.

In addition, any forward-looking statements represent our views as of today and should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent dates. We specifically disclaim any obligation to update such statements. With that, I'll turn the call over to David Meeker, who will begin on Slide 5.

Thank you, David. Good morning and thank you all for joining. We preannounced our revenue for the fourth quarter, highlighting the continued strong performance by our commercial teams. The BBS opportunity continues to grow at a steady rate, both in the United States and ex-US markets.

Jennifer's North American team, which was fully hired and in place at the start of the fourth quarter, continues to take full advantage of the PDUFA extension to prepare for our expected launch. Our growing early access experience with HO in Europe reinforces our belief in this opportunity, as Yann will highlight.

I'm pleased to report we had our end of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA for the Bivamelagon HO study. We were able to share the 9-month data, which included a minimum of 6 months on drug for the original placebo patients. I will share these new data that show persistent BMI reductions and consistent safety and tolerability over the next few slides. Our goal will be to present the data, including the full 52-week data at a medical meeting midyear.

Slide 6 is to remind you of the original Bivamelagon Phase 2 design. Patients were randomized to either placebo or 1 of 3 dosing cohorts for a period of 14 weeks. Last July, we announced positive top line results at 14 weeks with patients in the 400 and 600-milligram arms achieving a mean BMI reduction of 7.7% and 9.3%, respectively.

Similar BMI reductions as achieved by setmelanotide at the same time point. At the end of 14 weeks, the study remained blinded and all patients were then redose escalated to preserve the blind from 200 milligrams to the target dose of 600 milligrams for the balance of the open-label extension period.

Slide 7 shows the disposition of the 28 patients. As a reminder, 1 patient discontinued after the first visit due to rectal bleeding, judged unrelated to study drug. One 64-year-old male who had lost 14.5% at 14 weeks in the 600-milligram cohort chose not to continue into the open-label for personal reasons. Since then, one patient has stopped taking the drug but remains in the trial as a retained dropout. In summary, 26 of 28 patients remain active in the trial, including retained dropout patients, so 25 out of 28 remain on active drug.

The next 4 slides show individual patient data at 40 weeks. Slide 8 shows the placebo patients whose baseline BMI was calculated, in this slide, whose baseline BMI was calculated from their 14-week clinic visit when they converted to active drug. With the exception of the 12-year-old female, who we believe was not compliant, all patients showed a response to drug after 14 weeks, which included the up-titration period with further deepening at 26 weeks, the week 40 visit. And of note, 1 patient did not have a 40-week visit, but she remains in the trial.

Similarly, for the original 200-milligram cohort on Slide 9, all patients with the exception of the retained dropout patient who is actively gaining weight and the patient who we believe is not compliant have had a response at 28 weeks and further deepening at 40 weeks. The modest response on 200 milligrams alone at 14 weeks does suggest that this dose is probably subtherapeutic for many patients.

Slides 10 and 11 show the data for the original 400 and 600-milligram cohorts. With the exception of the 2 patients who are not fully compliant, one each in the original 400 and 600-milligram cohorts, all patients have had a good response to drug with 11 of 14 patients decreasing by 10% or more.

The mean BMI decrease for the 400-milligram cohort at 40 weeks, including the noncompliant patient was 10.8% and the mean BMI decrease for the 600-milligram cohort, including the noncompliant patient who gained 7.5% and the patient who dropped out at 14 weeks was 14.3%.

Of note, the setmelanotide Phase 3 data at the 40-week time point in patients not on a concomitant GLP-1 from our Phase 3 study was 15%. With regard to safety, the drug is better tolerated when taken with a small amount of food. The side effect profile continues to mimic what we see with setmelanotide. The nausea and vomiting tends to occur early and then patients tolerize. The episodes of diarrhea tend to be a little more sporadic or mild in severity and no patients have discontinued because of diarrhea.

In this trial, the compliance issues have been predominantly in the younger teenagers who we believe have struggled with the size of the pills. As we have indicated, we will have an easier to swallow single pill formulation going forward for each of 200-, 400-, and 600- milligram doses, and we will have a chewable tablet for younger patients.

Next steps for this program will include bioequivalent studies comparing the new and old formulations, a drug-drug interaction study and a hepatic impairment study. We expect to have the majority of this work completed in drug supply for Phase 3 studies by the end of the year with the goal of initiating the Phase 3 HO study by year-end 2026.

I would characterize our FDA meeting as highly constructive on multiple fronts. They confirmed that pivotal is ready to move to Phase 3. As many of you know, we were hoping, given the prior setmelanotide data and the placebo cohort data that we could negotiate a 6-month double-blind period and a smaller number of subjects given the effect of the drug. They were confirmed that with a new chemical entity, a full 12-month double-blind randomized controlled trial would be required as well as a larger number of patients to build up the safety database. We are awaiting the final minutes from that meeting but expect that number to be closer to the full 142 patients studied in our setmelanotide trial.

Our plan will be to run this trial largely in countries where setmelanotide will not be available for acquired HO in the near future, which should facilitate enrollment. There was no discussion of setmelanotide in the upcoming PDUFA date, but the FDA is communicating with us on the expected timeline, and we have received the first feedback on the label. I'm not going to make further comments today on that feedback as it is preliminary and pending the final submission of data on all 142 patients, which will be incorporated into the label.

As shown on Slide 13, we have multiple upcoming milestones with PDUFA for HO, top line data from our Japanese HO cohort and the EMANATE readout all coming in March. For EMANATE, we are working to get the top line data with the goal of releasing that data by the end of March. The PWS trial continues on track to get to the full 6-month data by midyear. At our December release, we indicated that 1 patient had discontinued the trial. Since then, we've had no further dropouts with all remaining 17 patients continuing on treatment.

We have taken no further data cuts and have no further patient updates to provide on this call. The 718 weekly formulation continues to enroll in HO, and we are on track to have initial 3-month data by midyear.

With that, I'll turn the call over to Jennifer.

Thank you, David. Starting with BBS, we had another steady quarter of growth in prescriptions as our teams continue to focus on educating healthcare providers to expedite patient diagnosis and working with payers to secure approval for reimbursement.

Importantly, patients are benefiting from IMCIVREE therapy as it is the only approved therapy that targets the root cause of rare MC4R pathway diseases like BBS. We continue to be inspired by patient success stories. For example, one adult male patient with BBS, who is a resident of an assisted living facility had such severe hyperphagia and preoccupation with food that he could not participate in group outings.

After 6 months on IMCIVREE therapy, he not only lost 40 pounds, but his hyperphagia had quieted down meaningfully, and now he's able to socialize with others and participate in group activities.

Now on Slide 15. Our teams are continuing to prepare for the acquired hypothalamic obesity launch, pending regulatory approval and our March 20 PDUFA goal date.

Acquired HO is a distinct post-injury neuroendocrine disease characterized by impairment of the MC4R pathway leading to hyperphagia and accelerated and sustained weight gain. With an estimated prevalence of 10,000 in the United States, acquired HO represents a significant opportunity for Rhythm to expand the reach of IMCIVREE and the benefit it brings to patients.

If approved, IMCIVREE would be the first therapy for these patients that currently have no approved treatment option. As we've discussed previously, we expanded our sales force from 16 to 42, all highly experienced launching new therapies in rare diseases. With the extra time ahead of launch, our engagement efforts have continued. Claims data helped us identify healthcare providers who we believe are caring for patients with acquired HO.

Our HCP engagement has been focused on disease awareness to help drive suspected cases to formalize diagnoses of acquired HO. We already have engaged with HCPs who care for more than 2,000 patients diagnosed with or suspected to have acquired HO. Let me outline an example of the ongoing dialogue around patients suspected to have HO.

Our team engaged with an endocrinologist who treat several patients with sustained hypothalamic injury. During a meeting with a field team member who outlined that injury in the hypothalamus could cause impairment of the MC4R pathway, leading to acquired hypothalamic obesity, the physician noted that one patient in particular stood out. This patient experienced severe weight gain following treatment of a brain tumor, subsequently underwent gastric bypass surgery and later initiated GLP-1 therapy with minimal benefit.

Now with a clear understanding of the clinical diagnosis of acquired hypothalamic obesity and appropriate screening criteria, this physician indicated that he suspects additional patients may have acquired HO, and he'll bring them back for evaluation and diagnosis confirmation.

Moving on to the next slide. We have also learned more about the management of aHO patients through our Territory Managers' disease education efforts. In addition to the ongoing engagement of our MSL or Medical Science Liaison team, we have identified approximately 40 priority medical centers throughout the nation based on their significant concentration of aHO patients. Approximately 1/3 of the potential aHO patients who we have identified via claims data are managed within these centers. The majority of these have pituitary centers where hypothalamic disorders are managed by multidisciplinary teams.

While there are similarities within these organizations relating to which specialty is brought in to manage the tumor and treatment as well as the hormonal dysfunctions associated with the procedure, there is variability in terms of who manages aHO.

In one center, the endocrinologists involved in the treatment of the hormonal dysfunctions would also take on the responsibility to treat the weight gain. In another center, these patients' hormonal dysfunctions would be managed by the endocrinologists, but they would be sent to the community PCP or obesity specialists to be treated for their weight gain.

Understanding these differences allows us to better pinpoint who would potentially be the diagnoser of aHO versus the obesity treater and future potential prescriber of IMCIVREE if approved for aHO. Our team continues their HCP engagement and identification of patients who would benefit from IMCIVREE once approved.

Now on to my last slide. Beyond HCP engagement, we also continue to engage with payers to secure access for patients as soon as possible following approval. Our education and engagement around BBS established a robust base for securing access for aHO as payers have come to recognize the differentiation of MC4R pathway diseases and the value that IMCIVREE offers patients. For acquired hypothalamic obesity, payer coverage following approval, our expectation is for policy updates to occur within 3 to 9 months.

We are excited by the progress we have made and are ready for launch pending approval in acquired hypothalamic obesity.

Now, let me turn it over to Yann.

Thank you, Jennifer. I will begin on Slide 19. We had a strong year in 2025 as our international organization has grown to more than 100 employees across 13 countries. With the ongoing BBS and POMC/LEPR sales and the reimbursed Early-access programs for acquired hypothalamic obesity in France and Italy, IMCIVREE is now available in more than 25 countries outside the United States, including 8 countries newly added during the year.

Our growth in 2025 was driven by sales in countries with established access and new countries coming online. Our team engages with key experts across Europe to advance education and the understanding of rare MC4R pathway diseases. In 2025, 64 abstracts, both originals and encores were accepted for posters or oral presentations at 12 international and national scientific congresses.

Next slide. Here, I highlight one recent publication entitled Early-onset of Obesity Model, Impact of Early-onset Obesity on Comorbidity Risk and Life expectancy, which was very recently published in Obesity facts, the European Journal of Obesity. This peer-reviewed Early-onset obesity disease model, which we developed in collaboration with leading European experts, integrates data from more than 140 publications to quantify how the age of onset, the severity, and the duration of obesity negatively affect the risk of comorbidities, the health outcomes, and the life expectancy.

This reinforces that Early-onset Obesity is a serious progressive disease and stresses the urgent need for early intervention. These findings supports rent focus on early diagnosis and treatment of obesity driven by impairment of the MC4R pathway, where addressing the underlying cause earlier has the potential to reduce long-term disease burden and create meaningful benefit for patients, families and healthcare systems.

Next slide, Slide 21. Now moving to acquired hypothalamic obesity. We are planning for multiple opportunities in Europe and Japan with a higher per capita prevalence of acquired HO than the United States and Europe and an estimated population of 5,000 to 8,000 patients, Japan represents a meaningful long-term opportunity for our MC4R agonist franchise.

We continue to make significant progress ahead of our anticipated Japanese launch, establishing a strong leadership team focused on engaging with experts and healthcare centers. Earlier this month, our team had a very positive in-person meeting with the Japanese PMDA. And as David said, we anticipate top line data from the Phase 3 cohort of Japanese patients in March.

In Europe, our EMA submission for HO is under review. We anticipate a CHMP opinion in Q2 and the EU marketing authorization in the second half of 2026. The steady growth in our reimbursed early access programs for HO in France and Italy is a very positive indicator for our success in Europe and help establish foundational relationships with expert physicians and local authorities.

The French regulatory authorities renewed this month the authorization for the IMCIVREE AP1 reimbursed early-access program, which clearly illustrates the benefit patients are receiving as part of this program and the high unmet need. Pending marketing authorization from the EMA in the second half of 2026, we will begin establish reimbursement for acquired HO in Europe on a country-by-country basis as we have done before for POMC and LEPR, and BBS.

With that, I will turn over to Hunter.

Thank you, Yann.

2025 proved to be a strong year with solid growth in global sales of IMCIVREE and multiple value-driving milestones achieved across our portfolio of MC4R agonists. We enter 2026 well capitalized with more promising potential catalysts ahead.

I'll begin on Slide 23 and walk you through our results for the fourth quarter, which was another solid quarter as well as the full year revenue, both of which we preannounced in January.

Revenues from sales of IMCIVREE were $57.3 million for the fourth quarter of 2025, representing a quarter-over-quarter increase of 12% and $194.8 million for the full year, an increase of approximately 50% from 2024. On a sequential quarterly basis, revenue growth was driven by an increase of approximately 10% in the number of patients on reimbursed therapy globally.

In the fourth quarter of 2025, $39 million or 68% of product revenue was generated in the United States and $18.3 million or 32% of product revenue was generated outside the United States.

On Slide 24 is the walk from the $51.3 million in global sales in Q3 to the $57.3 million in Q4. In the fourth quarter, the volume of vials shipped to our specialty pharmacy in the United States was approximately $1.7 million greater than the vials shipped, than the vials dispensed to patients. This compares to an excess of vials shipped over dispense of $3 million in Q3 2025. The net effect produced a negative $1.3 million inventory swing from Q3 to Q4.

For the second consecutive quarter, inventory days on hand at the specialty pharmacy increased ending approximately 20 days versus a normalized level of around 10 to 15 days. As was the case with year-end 2024 and as is common across our industry, this type of growth in days on hand represents a potential pull forward of revenue from the quarter of actual patient demand and can, with all other things being equal, have a dampening effect on the first quarter of the year.

US revenue grew by $2.1 million quarter-over-quarter due to increases in product dispensed to patients. ex-US revenues increased $5.2 million or 40% versus the third quarter of 2025. The sequential increase was largely due to the negative impact on the third quarter of a onetime $3.2 million charge related to the final agreement with France on the reimbursed price for IMCIVREE for the treatment of BBS, POMC and LEPR deficiency.

On Slide 25 is the financial snapshot of year-over-year performance as well as the fourth quarter 2025 results compared to the fourth quarter of 2024. Net product revenues in Q4 2025 increased by $15.4 million or 37% over Q4 2024. Gross to net for US sales was approximately 84.6%, generally in line with the gross to net percentage from previous quarters.

Cost of goods sold this quarter was 8.5% of product revenue and was mostly attributable to cost of materials and our royalty payment on setmelanotide due to Ipsen. COGS as a percentage of product revenue was down slightly this quarter based on an increase in finished goods inventory. We generally expect cost of goods sold to be between 10% and 12% of net product revenue with variation due to how our inventory balances change and the corresponding capitalization of labor and overhead costs as was the case in Q4.

Research & Development expenses were $42 million for Q4 compared to $41.2 million in the same quarter last year. Sequentially, R&D expenses decreased by approximately $4 million compared to the third quarter of 2025. More than half of that decrease was due to the transition of our area development managers in the United States to sales reps or territory managers, moving their salaries and stock compensation to SG&A effective October 1.

Costs in the fourth quarter from our Phase 3 HO trial with setmelanotide and our Phase 2 trial with Bivamelagon decreased from the third quarter. SG&A expenses were $57.5 million for Q4 2025 as compared to $38.1 million in Q4 last year. Sequentially, SG&A expenses increased by $5.1 million or approximately 10% compared to the third quarter of 2025. Increased SG&A spend from Q3 to Q4 was due to increased headcount costs and professional fees associated with the anticipated launch in acquired hypothalamic obesity, including the transfer of the field force described previously.

For Q4 2025, weighted average common shares outstanding were approximately 67 million. Our GAAP EPS for the fourth quarter of 2025 was a net loss per basic and diluted share of $0.73, which includes $0.02 per share from $1.3 million of accrued dividends on convertible preferred stock.

Cash used in operations was approximately $25 million in the fourth quarter and $116 million for the full year. We ended 2025 with approximately $389 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, which we expect to be sufficient to fund planned operations for at least 24 months.

On Slide 26, a few additional items of note. First, our GAAP operating expenses for 2025 totaled $362.3 million. That included $66.8 million in stock-based compensation. Non-GAAP operating expenses for the year were $295.5 million. This came in at the lower end of the range that we guided for at this time last year.

Our common share count is 68,285,039 shares as of February 24. This number includes 729,164 shares of common stock, which were converted from preferred shares since the end of the third quarter. Recall, we raised $150 million in gross cash proceeds through the issuance of convertible preferred shares in April 2024.

Following this partial conversion, there are 2,395,831 potential common shares that could be converted from the remaining preferred shares. The recent conversions represented almost 25% of the initial preferred shares, hence reducing our liability of dividends payable to preferred shareholders.

Lastly, on Slide 27, we are offering annual guidance on non-GAAP operating expenses. For 2026, we anticipate approximately $385 million to $415 million, which includes non-GAAP R&D expenses of $197 million to $213 million and non-GAAP SG&A expenses of $188 million to $202 million.

The overall increase in non-GAAP operating expenses for 2026 of approximately $104.5 million at the midpoint, which is about 35% over 2025 is the result of the success of our clinical programs in 2025 and represents future investments derived at driving long-term growth and increasing shareholder value. There are 3 primary drivers of the growth in anticipated 2026 spending.

First, approximately 30% of the year-over-year increase will come from increased spending on formulation development, manufacturing and clinical supply of our next-generation MC4R agonist, Bivamelagon and RM-718 as we continue to move both compounds through proof-of-concept studies and hopefully registrational studies in the coming years.

Second, approximately 25% of the increase will be on US commercial operations in support of the HO launch.

Third, approximately 15% of the increase will be to build out Rhythm's operations in Japan in anticipation of a potential approval in HO.

Overall, this forecasted year-over-year growth in operating expenses is the product of the last few years clinical, regulatory and commercial success and represents a meaningful opportunity to invest in Rhythm's long-term potential to serve patients with MC4R pathway diseases.

With that, I'll hand the call back over to David. Thank you.

Thank you, Hunter. And Tanya, we can open it up for questions.

[Operator Instructions] Our first question will be coming from Derek Archila of Wells Fargo.

Congrats on all the progress here. David, just first on Bivamelagon's Phase 3, your comments suggest that this will largely look like setmelanotide Phase 3. So in terms of sample size and duration, but are there any changes to enrollment criteria that you would think of or other features of the trial that you can comment on?

No. I mean those are the principal things that we were looking to get feedback on. I think to your point, the trial will largely mimic our Phase 3. We continue to look at our patient reported outcome measures. Are there other things we can do to get better and better at, for example, understanding hyperphagia/hunger. Some of these patient-reported outcome tools have not been validated, et cetera. So that's an area which as a company, we might modify, but we didn't get specific feedback from the FDA.

Got it. And then maybe just a follow-up. On the guidelines potentially for HO that could be implemented or kind of evolve over time, I guess, specifically for postsurgical patients where it seems like physicians want to intervene early prior to that significant weight gain. But just any comments on how that might evolve over time and what you're hearing?

Yes. I mean it's a good question. We've had a 6 months post-surgery as an entry criteria to make sure that patients were stable on their hormones. That's very much a developmental issue because you don't know everything and you want to have things as, or the minimal number of things that might confound your interpretation of the results.

In the real world, which is your question, and we've had this feedback from multiple thought leaders and the like, I mean, earlier is better. Why would you know the patient has HO, why would you make them wait 6 months to begin intervene? You wouldn't do that for their thyroid hormone replacement, for example. So I don't think there'll be that kind of guidance in the label. We'll see where guidelines quote unquote "come out." Those will emerge over time, but I haven't heard that. I think the consensus would be as soon as you, the treating physician are comfortable, yes, you want to intervene.

Our next question will be coming from the line of Tazeen Ahmad of Bank of America.

Can you give us an update on where you are with the PWS study? When is the next data update from that? And what type of deepening response are you looking for? Are you looking for more weight loss? Are you looking for better hunger control? Or just can you give us a sense of that?

Yes. Thanks, Tazeen. So as I said in my comments, we're still on track for midyear in terms of providing that update for the 17 patients who remain on drug. I think the one piece of updated data I gave you today was that 17 of 18 patients remain on treatment. I think for a challenging disease. These patients tend not to remain on drug if they don't feel like they're benefiting. So we would take that as encouraging.

I don't have an additional cut of the data. So as I said, I don't have further updates there. In terms of what we're looking for, again, we've been very clear and continue to learn. This is a more challenging disease in the sense that there's a lot of other things going on. They have multiple genes affected, not just those potentially impacting the MC4R pathway that are at play in this disease and can confound results.

But I think our goal remains the same. We'd be looking to clear 5% on the BMI change. We'll see how we do there. And of course, we'll collect hunger. I mean, the hyperphagia scores, HQ-CT, we shared that data in December with the caveat. This is an uncontrolled trial. So those kind of measures, you really need a placebo-controlled group to know exactly how you're performing, but we will have that data, and of course, we'll share it.

And our next question will be coming from the line of Mike Ulz of Morgan Stanley.

Congratulations on all the progress as well. Maybe just one question on IMCIVREE trends. You mentioned the potential for dampening of sales in 1Q, given some pull forward in 4Q. Maybe you can give a little bit of color on how to think about the growth? Is it just a slowing of growth? Or should we think more flattish?

Well, I'm not going to give you a comment sort of on where external estimates are. We did see negative growth Q4 to Q1 in 2024 into 2025. The buildup of inventory this year in absolute terms is less, so we'll see how that shakes out.

But that, it's just that dynamic in and of itself that inventory represents a pull forward of sales from one quarter into, from Q4 out of Q1 into Q4. I think the only other thing is we have the typical experience that faces us every Q1 where there are a lot of planned renewals and planned changes for individual patients. So some patients rotate on to our bridge program and then those get resolved and they rotate off.

And our next question comes from the line of Whitney Ijem of CG.

I just wanted to follow up on EMANATE. You guys have talked about POMC PCSK1 and the SH2B1 substudies as being higher probability. Can you just talk to us a little bit, remind us, is that just driven by the enrollment and the powering of those sub-studies? Or are there genetic biological considerations there as well?

Yes. Let me summarize what I've said previously, but important to remind. So the way we've handicapped this is, yes, we think that the POMC/LEPR are the most likely to be positive, and that's based on the fact that we did have an assay going into the trial that allowed us to determine which of the variants were most likely to be pathogenic meaning that they had true loss of function. There's a range of variants there, of course. So, and the assay has its limitations. But the bottom line is we felt that in that cohort, we were enrolling predominantly patients who would have true loss of function. So that was our best, and we were able to enroll that cohort fully.

The leptin receptor, we also had insight into which patients might have true loss of function, but it turns out the leptin receptor head group is extremely rare, those that have this potential loss of function variant. And so that cohort was very significantly under enrolled. And so we weren't so optimistic there or not. And then SRC1, mostly a boost variant of unknown significance, variants of unknown significance disproportionately tend to be benign. And so again, we think there's a high risk that one may not be positive.

And the reason we remain somewhat hopeful on SH2B1 is that there's two groups there. One is those who have this deletion, 16p11.2 deletion. So by definition, with a deletion, they would have loss of function.

The other part group of that, that's enrolled, the missense mutations associated with SH2B1, then you're back in this, how many of those are VUS and of the VUS, how many are benign versus pathogenic. So long story short, that's how we handicapped it.

Again, we're working to get that data out by the end of the year. The other thing I've said is we, like I said, we've been careful and modest in terms of our projections here and what we think might happen. I think whatever we get, we're going to learn a lot from these studies. And minimally, they will form the basis for the next round of studies with our next-generation studies molecules, which we would do anyway. So when we report out, we'll try to give you some insight into how we think about the future there.

Got it. That's helpful. And just one quick follow-up. Should we still be thinking about kind of the 5% weight loss as the kind of bar for success either based on powering or just how you're thinking about it?

Yes. I mean 5% is the guidelines. That's why we Prader-Willi, of course, where we think it's a really tough disease. I mean that is the minimal threshold. And so that's certainly the threshold here. I think in some of our other indications, you get into the world expects more today from a weight loss drug. But technically, it's 5% plus. I think what we would look at is, A, is the study positive? And then B, do we think it's clinically meaningful and would be a meaningful offering to patients with that specific genetic defect.

And our next question will be coming from the line of Corinne Johnson of Goldman Sachs.

Maybe you mentioned the study for Bivamelagon and that the FDA was pretty explicit that new molecules would require a year-long Phase 3. I guess how are you thinking about that then as it relates to the planned development of 718 in the same indication? And kind of separately, but in the same vein, how do you think about managing kind of quality control of the Phase 3 program as you think through enrolling patients' kind of ex-US in order to get that patient population?

Yes. It's a good question. So first on 718, yes, the read-through there would highly likely to be the same. I mean, to be honest, we'd go back, I would look to have another conversation with them. I think part of Biva is it's a small molecule. I think 718 is a peptide. It's highly analogous to setmelanotide. I don't know if they would look at that any differently. But a conservative base case here is, yes, 718 will have to do the same thing that we're being guided to for Biva.

Quality control outside the US, the world is small. I mean, the sophistication of running trials outside in these other countries, I mean, there are a number of centers and one or more centers in many or most countries, which are pretty sophisticated. CROs are structured to run trials globally. So I'm not at all worried about quality, I mean, you pay attention to that, we'll be careful, of course. But I think quality control is not the issue. Our challenge, as always, is rare diseases, you want to find sites that have good access to patients.

And our next question will be coming from Phil Nadeau of TD Cowen.

Congrats on the progress. Two from us. So first, in the bivamelagon Phase 3 trial, what dose will you be exploring? It seems like you think 200 milligrams is underdosed. 600 did look a little bit more potent, but the patient numbers were small. So we're curious what dosing paradigm you will use.

And then second, on hypothalamic obesity, I think the last number of identified patients that you gave to us was 2,000. It sounds like, as your sales reps are out there shaking the trees and doing medical education, you're finding more and more patients. So, any update to that number?

Yes. So, what was the question on? Yes, the dosing. So we will dose escalate from 200 up to 600, 600 will be the target dose. We look at the data the same way you did. I think there is a difference between 400 and 600 milligrams. I think we're still on a dose-response part of the curve there. The other thing that has been pretty encouraging, and I will say, we've got a number of patients out for the full year.

So I have a little insight there. I mean, what happens in HO is that many of the patients continue to just gradually deepen over time. And I'll remind you back to a patient from our Phase 2 study, the most severely affected, oldest individual in that trial, a 24-year-old man who had a starting BMI of 52, 50-plus. And over a period of 4 years, he just continued to gradually decrease his BMI down to a normal BMI of 24. And I think what we're seeing here is not inconsistent with a gradual deepening over time.

And so the short answer to your question is, yes, well, the target dose will be 600. There'll be patients who maybe do fine on 400, just as there are patients who do okay on 2 milligrams as opposed to 3, but with setmelanotide. But I think we're incredibly encouraged here. And I think this data gives us high confidence that this pathway is central to HO, and we're correcting as you might expect in the hormonal replacement strategy.

With regard to patients, we updated in September, and we've stayed away from sort of giving you monthly or quarterly updates on those patient numbers because a while, I'm not sure how helpful that is. But you are absolutely correct.

And as Jennifer highlighted in her comments, the team has been doing a lot of work. We're continuing to find more patients. So yes, that number has gone up. We're learning a lot about the nature of this community, how many patients carry a diagnosis of HO, and how many patients are quote unquote in the suspected category. So this belief in the overall opportunity, the 10,000 is high, and it's higher than it was last September, for example, and we feel really good about the progress we're making.

Our next question will be coming from the line of Jon Wolleben of Citizens.

Just one on Japan. Hunter, you mentioned the investment you guys will be making there. Just wondering how we should think about the opportunity in Japan and the trajectory of a potential adoption.

Yes. Yann, do you want to take that?

Yes. So, potential first. So as I said earlier, we estimate a prevalence between 5,000 and 8,000 patients, and it's a well-documented prevalence. So we are quite sure of this number. The second point was your question about our capabilities. So we are currently building out our team. We have set up an affiliate. We have a full management team in place, and we already have a field medical team on the ground. And from a timeline point of view, David mentioned the data in March. And following that, you can count on 12 months of regulatory and market access and pricing aspects, which means that we should have a launch in the next 12 months from now.

And our next question will be coming from the line of Thomas Smith of Leerink Partners.

Just on the aHO expansion, I appreciate the color on the regulatory interactions. It sounds like you're entering labeling negotiations, which is great. As we think through some of the color you're giving here around reimbursement and payer coverage and activating sites and patients, can you just elaborate a little bit on how you're thinking about the launch cadence relative to BBS?

Yes. So, from the perspective of aHO versus BBS, I think there are similarities and some differences. I think from a similarity perspective, there's still a lot of opportunity, as we've outlined, just in terms of getting these patients to an actual diagnosis of acquired hypothalamic obesity versus just being seen as a patient with obesity for many causes that may not be the root cause in terms of what they are going through.

So there's still an opportunity there. I think the other piece is from the perspective of a time line of payer coverage, although we have a great starting point just in terms of all the dialogue we had with BBS in terms of the differentiation of MC4R pathway diseases versus general obesity, it's still going to take some time just in terms of going through the process of having specific PNT meetings so that we get a specific policy for the expansion of the indication in place. And we're similarly in the meantime, going to be working through the process as we get the Rxs in payer by payer.

So there are some similarities. I think some of the differences is that in terms of aHO, the precision and confidence just in terms of the data we have, to really pinpoint it down to the right physician to educate to get these patients to a diagnosis. We feel a lot more confident about that. I think in comparison to BBS, those sort of crumbs to lead us to the right physicians is stronger. I think the other aspect is we know, even though like our teams are targeted by the data and following where the patients are, it just made sense that we are actually being led to these medical centers that have these pituitary centers and capabilities.

So we know where they go once they have the brain tumor and where they're treated and they stay in that situation for a period of time so that as they start to encounter the symptoms of aHO, we have the ability to really target those incident patients to get to a diagnosis that is not missed. So that's a bit different than what it was like for BBS, which once again gives us a bit more confidence just in terms of being able to identify them earlier in their journey.

Our next question will be coming from Seamus Fernandez of Guggenheim Securities.

This is Evan Wang on for Seamus Fernandez. Just 2 from us. First, with 718, I saw some narrow timelines for Part D. Curious if there's any potential strategies to accelerate time lines there, potentially like a Phase 2/3, just given some of the feedback and data sets around and set. And then second, curious if you're exploring or planning to explore other areas of MC4R development, maybe, or other kind of avenues to treat obesity.

Just to clarify on the last part of the question, other indications that we're thinking about, other approaches? Is that what you're asking?

Other indications or approaches for I guess mostly obesity-related treatment.

Yes. Okay. So for 718, is there a strategy to accelerate? I mean we take, I think, a pretty aggressive view in general. I mean the regulators don't always agree with our approach. And so we end up sometimes in more conservative or conventional approaches. But I think 701, as I said earlier, is likely to be highly similar to Bivamelagon. We'll go with this initial experience in this open-label study and move right to a Phase 3. I don't know if there's an opportunity to accelerate things further there. The other thing is the pressure on the next-gen in HO is we want to get it out as soon as possible.

It's a little different from an initial indication opportunity where those patients have no other treatment and setmelanotide will be approved and out there. So patients will have an option. So again, we want to, we'll move as quickly as we can, but it's not quite the same criticality as it might be if there was no treatment available at all.

With regard to other indications, I mean, we've talked about the different kinds of, or the different areas that we're interested. So one is genetics, M&A being the first beyond our initial approvals in POMC and LEPR. We have the DAYbreak study. So we will be coming back to specific genes. We will do that development work, as we've said, with next-generation molecules, probably not both molecules in every one of those genetic indications, but we'll come back to you with an updated plan there.

And with regard to other approaches to obesity, I mean, yes, we're open to that. We have early programs where we're thinking about different ways, we might complement MC4R. That's all early. We're not at a point where we're prepared to talk about that yet. But we are fully committed to optimizing therapy for these patients with MC4R and deficiencies, and that would include potentially additional approaches.

And our next question will be coming from the line of Joseph Stringer of Needham & Company.

This is Eddie on for Joey. Just a follow-up on MC4R and the EMANATE sub studies. Can you remind us again if you intend to submit these as a combined sNDA for a broader MC4R pathway, or just talk about how the regulatory path might necessitate sort of mutation-specific approvals and then how this might change for these next-gen therapies as you kind of move through the trials in later years? And then a follow-up, I'm sorry if I misheard, did you say that in the BIVA-HOLE that you saw moderately better results, patients not on GLP-1? If I heard that right, can you describe why that might be the case?

Yes. Let me take that last piece first. So when we're trying to create an apples-to-apples comparison from, we took the patients in our 040 Phase 3 setmelanotide trial. If you remember, there was in the treated group, about 15 patients who were on a GLP-1. That group did have a better result. If you remember, they got in the trial by not having responded to a GLP-1. Once they got setmelanotide, they had a very good response. And if you were just to look at that cohort, their actual percent decrease was greater than the group that did not get a GLP-1.

Trial was not designed to prove that might be a better outcome. But what we've concluded biologically is, yes, once you correct the underlying defect in setmelanotide, restore the hormonal deficiency, then your ability to respond to another anti-obesity medicine might be restored, and we gain weight for a different reason.

And so if you're a patient who's got incremental weight because they love ice cream and they need ice cream all the time, then GLP-1 in that setting, once you've corrected the hormonal deficiency might make sense. So anyway, that was an apples-and-apples change there, and that was the goal there. Your question about M&A in terms of regulatory filing strategy, no, these will be filed individually. Even if all 4 were positive, we would file 4 separate sNDAs. They would be, I said, one at a time evaluations. And then, in the future, I mean, is there an opportunity for a mechanistic kind of approval that wouldn't require a full Phase 3 for every genetic indication? I think that's possible. I would say we're definitely not, or the regulators are definitely not there today. But that's not an unreasonable question for the future.

Our next question will be coming from Paul Matteis of Stifel.

This is Matthew on for Paul. I guess I had one on acquired HO. So for the FDA review, we appreciate the pivotal Phase 3 was already large, but will you be able to supplement your data package with the Japanese cohort? Does the timing work out such that you'll be able to include this before the PDUFA?

Yes, Matthew, it's a good clarification. The answer is yes, and that's partly, I mean, when the FDA gave us their extension back in November, they were very aware of the exact timing of the last patient in visits.

And so they had done the calculation, recognizing that there was a very short period of time between when we would have data from that last patient, a Japanese patient and being able to get the data in on the full 142 patients, which is what they wanted. So we're on that path, and we will get that data in. And yes, they are prepared to deal with the fact that, yes, it's, now we're down to a relatively short period of time between that final data submission and the label or potential approval on March 20.

And our next question will be coming from Samantha Semenkow of Citi.

Just maybe one clarification on the Phase 3. You mentioned that you were going to primarily enroll outside in countries where setmelanotide is not available. How does that work necessarily for enrollment in the US? And then just on Prader-Willi, can you just talk about your latest thinking on a potential Phase 3 trial? Would you plan to take both setmelanotide and 718 forward? Or is it more likely that you choose one of these drugs to advance?

Yes. Okay. So, with regard to the Phase 3 for HO, yes, we will run it predominantly outside. I wouldn't exclude having a US site, but setmelanotide will be approved. Patients here have an option. So, the US for multiple reasons becomes a little more complicated. We do not need to have a site in the US I mean we already have US data coming out of our Phase 2 study. So I'm not, again, I'm not so worried about our ability to execute the trial, not using the US, but you never say never, so I would defer final decisions on that.

So for Prader-Willi, setmelanotide versus 718, I think this is something, as we've highlighted before, the advantage of going forward with setmelanotide is we've got data in setmelanotide already, may be a supplemental NDA, and so we could, in a sense, roll into that Phase 3. The advantage of going with 718, for example, is that it's a next-gen. We're going to use, do a next-gen study sooner or later, and that's the end game. And if the 718 program is at a point where the gap between when we might start with setmelanotide and when we could start with 718 is not so great, then I think we would take that time delay, if you will, and just go right to 718 and avoid having to run two studies there. But that decision is yet to be made. We'll see how all of this plays forward.

And our last question will be coming from the line of Lisa Walter from RBC

Congrats on the progress. I just have one on Biva. Wondering if you can expand on your dose selection comments. And I realize this might be a bit early as the Phase 3 has not yet even started. But long term, is it possible patients could dose down with a maintenance dose if they happen to reach a normal BMI in the real world? Any color here would be helpful.

Yes. Yes, I'll briefly repeat what I said before on the dose selection. I do think 200 is probably on the border in terms of being therapeutic for most patients. I think 400 to 600 is more likely in range and 600 does seem to have a continued dose response. And so 600 for sure will be our targeted dose just the way 3 milligrams was our targeted dose in the HO setmelanotide trial. With regard to dosing down, what's interesting here is the biology, pathophysiology, it's a hormonal deficiency.

So in theory, you take whatever amount you need to restore your hormonal deficiency, but it's not a biologic setting where dosing down makes sense. So I think our expectation is most patients will stay at their target dose. That's been true with setmelanotide as we go forward. So it's not, you get your weight loss and then you can kind of go to a low dose to maintain. That's not the pathophysiology.

I'm showing no questions. I'd now like to turn the call back to David Meeker for closing remarks.

Great. Thank you. So thanks all for tuning in. Again, we remain really excited about the progress here at Rhythm, lots of exciting things coming up. 2025 was a big year. 2026 is going to be equally big. So we look forward to our next update. Thanks all.

And this concludes today's program. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. Welcome to Rhythm Pharmaceuticals Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would like now to turn the conference over to Dave Connolly, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Michelle. Good morning, everyone, and welcome. This morning, we issued a press release announcing that the preliminary data from our exploratory Phase II trial showed setmelanotide demonstrated a positive efficacy signal in Prader-Willi syndrome. You can access the press release as well as the slides that we will be reviewing today by going to the Investors section of our website.

David Meeker, Chair, President and Chief Executive Officer of Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, will present these data this morning. We are also joined on the call by Dr. Jennifer Miller, University of Florida -- a Professor of Endocrinology, excuse me, at the University of Florida in the Department of Pediatrics. She is the principal investigator for this Phase II trial. And Hunter Smith, our CFO, is also here and available to answer questions on this call as well.

Before we get started, I'd like to remind everyone that the statements we make on this conference call will include forward-looking statements. Actual events or results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements as a result of various risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those set forth in the Risk Factors section of our SEC filings.

In addition, any forward-looking statements made on this call represent our views as of only today and should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date. Except as required by law, we specifically disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements.

With that, I'll turn the call over to David, who will begin on Slide 5.

Thank you, Dave. Good morning, everybody. Thank you for joining the call. Today, we're sharing preliminary data from our open-label Phase II study in patients with PWS as the data have reached the point where we can make some important decisions about the next steps in the program. We are running the trial as a single-center study at the University of Florida with Dr. Jennifer Miller, who joins us on the call.

We are pleased to announce positive changes in BMI and HQ-CT at 3 and 6 months and short of new information, which is inconsistent with what we have seen to date, we will proceed to a Phase III program in PWS. More on that later.

Furthermore, based on these promising early data, we have initiated a Part D arm in the Phase I study of our weekly MC4R agonist RM-718, where we will test 718 in up to 20 PWS patients. That amendment has been filed, and we anticipate screening our first patient this month. We have received many questions leading up to today as to how we will interpret the study and what is the bar we need to hit to proceed to a Phase III study.

We have been clear, we would analyze the data patient by patient, trying to understand the context around each patient and their response to treatment. And that the bar would be results, which gave us confidence we can run a successful Phase III study, achieving a 5% reduction in BMI at 1 year. We have completed enrollment with 18 patients treated to date. Today, we are sharing the data from the first 8 patients who reached 3 months or more and the 5 patients who reached 6 months or more.

We entered this study with conviction that the MC4R pathway plays a critical role in the underlying biology and a very realistic view of the challenges of running clinical trials in patients with PWS. A major advantage of working with Dr. Miller, who is one of the world's leading experts in PWS is a deep understanding of the patients she follows. She has a large practice, and she knows not only the patient, but the family, which is invaluable and trying to interpret some of the individual patient responses. She will share some of her thoughts once I have reviewed the data.

I want to start with a short introduction to PWS beginning on Slide 6. PWS is a severe complex multisystem disease characterized by hyperphagia, a severe preoccupation with food, often accompanied by abnormal food-seeking behaviors and reduced energy expenditure, leading to severe obesity in the majority of patients unless their energy intake is rigorously restricted. There is a significant unmet medical need with limited therapeutic options to manage the hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure and consequent weight gain. U.S. prevalence is estimated at approximately 20,000 patients with a similar frequency of the disease in other parts of the world.

Moving to Slide 7. This cartoon attempts to capture the complex pathophysiology underlying this disease. Multiple genes are involved, including at least 2 genes which can directly impact signaling through the MC4R pathway. We have talked specifically about MAGEL2 loss of function variants, which are present in virtually all patients with PWS, we studied in our Phase 2 DAYBREAK study. The response in those patients gave us optimism. We would see a response in PWS.

While multiple factors may contribute to the hunger in abnormal behaviors in PWS, we believe a central part of the pathophysiology affecting satiety and energy expenditure is a deficiency in the MC4R pathway and therefore, our interest in studying setmelanotide. Before getting to the data, we also want to provide some historical context. Most PWS studies have failed and no therapy is approved for weight or BMI reduction.

On Slide 8 is beloranib data from 2016, which is arguably the only drug that has shown meaningful changes in weight in PWS patients. That trial was stopped early due to thrombotic events and development of the drug was discontinued. However, it is a useful benchmark. They observed placebo-adjusted decreases in weight at 6 months of 8% and 9%. Importantly, however, the actual weight decreases in the trial were 4% and 5% at the 2 doses with the placebo group gaining weight, supporting the view that simply stopping weight gain in PWS is clinically meaningful.

Slide 9 shows the results for a cohort of patients from our original trial of setmelanotide and PWS conducted in 2016. Of the 4 patients who received the highest dose of 2.5 milligrams for 8 consecutive weeks, 3 of them lost weight, thereby suggesting setmelanotide could have a meaningful clinical effect.

Slide 10 shows the very simple open-label trial design. 18 patients aged 6 or greater were enrolled. Each patients dose escalated to 5 milligrams daily as tolerated for patients less than 12 years of age or dose escalated to 3 milligrams as the maximum dose. Endpoints in addition to safety and tolerability included change in BMI, HQ-CT scores and body composition.

Slide 11 shows the demographic data for all 18 patients enrolled to date. We have a very good mix of patients by age with 3 of them younger than 12 years old, 4 between the ages of 12 and 18 and 11 patients 18 or older. They all suffer with severe obesity with a BMI for all 18 patients.

Today, we are focused on the 8 patients who reached month 3 and setmelanotide and their baseline BMI was 43.7 on average. 5 patients reached the 6-month mark and 1 patient discontinued prior to their 6-month visit. Of the 18 enrolled patients, 17 patients remain on active therapy. Now let's move to the results. On Slide 12, there's a bar graph showing the percent BMI decrease at 3 months for the 8 patients. Underneath each patient number is the patient age, sex and starting BMI.

Four patients denoted by the asterisks had diabetes and in 2 patients 1 and 3, it was poorly controlled. The V denotes the 2 patients who are on Vykat, patient 6 and 7. 6 of 8 patients had a decrease in BMI ranging from minus 1.3% to 4.8%. We will discuss in more detail the last 3 patients, 2 of whom had gained weight at 3 months and patient 5 who subsequently began to gain weight during a period of what we believe was noncompliance.

Slide 13 shows the HQ-CT results. Think it is recognized that this is not the best tool to capture clinically meaningful changes in patients with PWS, but it is validated and it has served as the basis for a recent approval. This trial was not designed to capture changes in HQ-CT and that it is an open-label study, and there is no requirement for a baseline level of severity. For example, one patient, as you can see, had a 0 score at baseline and their score has remained 0.

Since it is an open-label trial, the results cannot be compared with data from other blinded trials. However, it is additional data, and it gives us confidence that patients are experiencing meaningful changes. 6 out of 7 patients with an elevated score at baseline showed a decrease in score. Patients 6 and 7 are both on Vykat which might explain their lower score on entry and both moved modestly further down with setmelanotide treatment.

Moving to the 6-month data on Slide 14. Shown here are all 8 patient data at 3 months in dark blue and then the 6-month data in light blue for the 5 patients reaching the 6-month mark. Patients #3 and #2 have cleared the 5% level. Patient 6 is flat from 3 to 6 months at approximately 2.5%. But his DEXA scan tells an interesting story, and I'll show you that on the next slide.

On Slide 15, we have the DEXA scans from 4 patients at 6 months. Patient #1 was too heavy for the DEXA machine, so we have no scan. The first 3 patients all show more fat than lean loss with fat mass decreasing by approximately 8% in the first 2 patients and more than 10% in patient #6. Patient #6 is the patient whose BMI had plateaued at approximately 2.5% at month 6. The DEXA scan results would suggest he was having a much more meaningful response to therapy than suggested by the BMI. Patient 5 gained fat mass consistent with the increase in his BMI.

Now let's go back to the summary data at 3 and 6 months repeated on Slide 16 and provide a little more color around the 3 patients who did not decrease their BMI at 6 months. Patient #4 was only intermittently compliant initially and then discontinued the trial prior to reaching the 6-month visit. Patient 5 had a good initial response, actually losing 4% in BMI at 2 months, but then traveled out of the country over the summer with what we believe to be poor compliance with treatment. He is now back home on treatment in a more stable situation and decreasing his BMI again after his 6-month visit.

Finally, patient #1 is the most complicated patient. Dr. Miller can provide more background, but she entered the trial with a BMI of 67, gaining weight steadily prior to trial entry, very poorly controlled diabetes and gained further weight with some improvement in her diabetes management. She also has severe lymphedema in her lower extremities with the edema likely complicating some of the weight measurements.

Her BMI has been relatively stable since our initial trial weight gain. And of note, she did have a decrease in her HQ-CT score from 20 to 11. Slide 17 lists the AEs for all 18 patients. Setmelanotide has been very well tolerated in this population with the majority of patients getting to 4 or 5 milligrams. The AE profile has been similar to what we've seen in other populations with hyperpigmentation and injection site reactions being most common.

So with that, I'd like to turn to Dr. Miller to get her thoughts on the program. So Dr. Miller, thank you for joining this morning on what I know is an incredibly busy clinic day, and I also know you're actually calling from clinic. So the first -- the first question, just what type of patients did you enroll initially and why? So maybe you could give us a little background there.

Sure. So the first 5 patients I enrolled were patients that were basically what I described as the worst of the worst. I mean they were people that would not have qualified for Vykat therapy because of their medical conditions. They were all morbidly obese. They -- many of them had type 2 diabetes already. Many of them had lymphedema, which was going to make it difficult to determine if they develop worsening edema from Vykat, I felt that I would be unsure as to whether or not that I could assess that adequately. They also all 5 had untreated obstructive sleep apnea. And so again, I was worried about putting them on Vykat with the risk of edema that comes with that.

And so basically, they were patients that were at the end of the road in my personal opinion. And I said to these families, like we have no other choice, like we can't do Vykat. There's really nothing else out there. We're doing this trial. Let's try it. It's worth a try. There's really nothing else. Patients 6 and 7 who you showed data for who are on Vykat had done well with Vykat , as you saw from the hyperphagia scores in terms of improvement in hyperphagia severity. However, both were large individuals to start with prior to starting the trial, both did develop type 2 diabetes on Vykat on DCCR during the trial and were -- the diabetes was somewhat difficult to control.

So I had asked to put them on to this trial so that we could see if setmelanotide did indeed cause weight loss, maybe we could get their diabetes under better control just with some weight loss or as we saw in patient #6, maybe some redistribution of body composition with less fat mass and more lean muscle mass. So again, and I say this a lot, these patients were at the end of the road, unfortunately, and they are at the end of the road if -- this is kind of it. And so they all know that and their families know that, but I'm very grateful to them to trusting me to do this trial and see if it works.

Perfect. So maybe -- I mean, you've been involved with many trials in Prader-Willi patients, if not all of the trials. So how would you interpret these results? Can you give us a little context for how you see the changes we're seeing today?

Well, I've been very excited about the changes that we're seeing in BMI reduction and body composition in the great majority of the patients. Their diabetes control has improved with minimal to no adjustments in their diabetes regimen other than patient #1. They just -- they're moving better, their body composition looks better. There -- the parents feel that they are eating somewhat less, that they're less obsessed by food and that they're able to exercise more easily and that they're choosing to exercise on a regular basis, which is remarkable to me.

So and, maybe you were also a lead investigator. I think you enrolled close to 20 -- approximately 20 patients in our HO040 study. I'm just curious in terms of biologic effect of an MC4R agonist like setmelanotide, are there any similarities? The diseases are quite different, but any similarities in terms of what you're seeing?

Yes. Yes, definitely. I mean, yes, the diseases are quite different. It was -- I was hoping for the same degree of magnitude of results that we saw in the HO trial in this population. But as you point out, it's a completely different disease. But the similarities that we saw in both groups are what I mentioned before, the increased tendency to want to go out and do stuff and exercise increased happiness, like everybody reports that less irritability. That was something that was consistently reported in both groups across the board after about 2 months on setmelanotide, that was a consistent finding. So those things were all very, very positive to me.

And going back to the challenging patients. So patient 5 and patient #1 have gained weight since they started the trial. So why would they stay on therapy?

Because -- yes, good question. They really feel better on the drug. Both of them, when I've threatened because I've been worried about noncompliance and I've said, probably we should stop if we can't be compliant. And both have had major furniture type throwing meltdowns here about having to come off of the study because they both feel that they are doing better on the drug. They feel happier, they feel better overall. They themselves. This is not a parent perspective. This is the people perspective. And so they really don't want to stop the drug. They perceive that it's helping them significantly.

So I know we didn't collect formally their prior weight loss history as part of their case report forms and the clinical trial specifically, but you followed a number of these patients for a long period of time. Were they gaining weight and specifically patient 1 and 5? And what was their natural history coming into the trial?

To be clear, I followed every single one of these patients in this trial since they were infants. So for a very, very, very long time. And so yes, every one of them was gaining weight excessively prior to entry into the trial. And the ones who are not on Vykat, so the ones who are just on setmelanotide at the entry to trial are we're gaining weight at a pretty rapid clip at every clinic visit that I saw them at, no matter what we tried to do to intervene, we were unable to slow down their weight gain.

And this has slowed it. I've said to the parents like stable to me is a win. When your kid was gaining, gaining, gaining and the BMI was 110% of the 95th percentile, and now it's just kind of hanging there. So crossing percentiles as these are -- some of them are teenagers, right? So they're growing and their BMI is actually improving because they're growing. And the adults are at least hanging stable and not continuing to go up. I consider that a very big win from a metabolic health perspective.

Perfect. So maybe last thing, anything else that strikes you? Again, we're early in the trial, and we're going to let the data mature, of course, but welcome any additional thoughts you have.

No. I think overall, with the exception of a couple of patients, compliance has been really good, considering it is a daily injection. But these are patients that are used to taking daily injections. Most of them are on growth hormone. And as you mentioned, many of them have type 2 diabetes and are on insulin for that. So no, I think it's been exciting to see, and it's been exciting for the families to see the changes in their children's body composition.

Okay. Great. So thank you. So I have a couple more comments to make, and then we'll open it up for general Q&A. But thank you, again, for your efforts those of your PWS patients who volunteer for the trial, these early trials, of course, any of these trials in PWS are not easy. So now for a few concluding remarks before opening up the Q&A. We recognize these results are early and preliminary. However, as you know, in these rare disease populations and particularly with small data sets, we put tremendous emphasis on the results from each individual patient, those who are responding to the treatment and even more attention to those who may not be responders.

Are they true nonresponders? Or are there mitigating factors? So for the first 8 patients, the BMI is 6 of 8 patients is trending down. One patient was noncompliant and discontinued and patient #1 is compliant, we believe, but may be a true nonresponder as her BMI is not decreasing. However, as you've heard, she is perhaps the most challenging patient in terms of her underlying disease and her poorly controlled diabetes. And as we learn more, even stabilization, as Dr. Miller mentioned, for her may represent a response. Ultimately, body composition is measured by DEXA scans out to be a better measure of response. As we have seen with our HO trial, restoring signaling through the MC4R pathway seems to lead to significantly more fat than mean mass loss, which is what we would hope to see.

Patient 6 is a good example where the BMI change did not capture the magnitude of the decrease in fat mass. Although the trial was not designed to formally assess hyperphagia, we are encouraged by the changes in HQ-CT scores, and we believe these scores reflect the fact patients are experiencing a change on treatment. In light of the disease severity of the first patients enrolled and the relative consistency of the results to date, we believe these data support moving to Phase 3 with confidence we can run a positive trial with primary and key secondary endpoints of BMI change, a responder analysis HQ-CT scores and body composition.

Based on the biology of the MC4R receptor, we also believe that if we hit the BMI endpoint, we are likely to have a positive result on the hyperphagia scores. And for the next steps with setmelanotide, our plan is to complete this trial, get all 18 patients past the 6-month time point. We'll release the data at that point and then submitted a Phase III trial proposal to the FDA for review. We will aim to disclose the full 6-month data during the first half of 2026, as I noted, as well as at a medical meeting next year.

Lastly, these data from the setmelanotide trial support our confidence that MC4R agonism is a biologically sound approach to treating patients with PWS. And with that in mind, we have added Part D to our ongoing Phase I study, open-label study evaluating 718 weekly specific MC4R agonist designed not to cause hyperpigmentation and will enroll up to 20 patients with each patient dose escalating from 10 to 40 milligrams as tolerated. We have the ability to go to 50 milligrams if needed. Our goal is to have that part of the trial enrolled by the second half of 2026. The Part C portion of that trial in HO patients remains on track to complete enrollment, as you know, in the first quarter of '26.

With that, we'll open it up for questions. Operator?

[Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from Phil Nadeau with TD Cowen.

Congrats on the data. David, we wanted to dive into your comments about the Phase 3 trial and the likelihood of success in a bit more detail and kind of have 2 questions in that vein. So first, could you go into a bit more detail about what you think the primary endpoint of a Phase 3 trial would be? Would it be a change of -- change in mean BMI from baseline with the expectation that, that would hit a 5% hurdle? Or do you think the responder analysis could be the primary endpoint? And then second question, kind of along those lines, I guess, as we look at the data, it does seem like at least in 2 of the patients, the weight loss was progressive that gets you to that BMI of over 5% by month 6 and admitting there's mitigating circumstances for the 3 patients, but it wasn't necessarily progressive in the other 3.

So how confident are you that the BMI reductions here could be progressive to get you to that 5% level by month 12? And are you thinking maybe in a placebo-adjusted trial, the placebo group would actually increase. So you don't need an absolute reduction of 5% in the patients, but placebo adjusted if you could get there anyway?

Yes. Thanks, Phil. So we're early. We'll -- again, as we said, we'll let this data mature and the results from the full 18-patient cohort at 6 months will help us answer some of those questions. But we made the decision and we're going forward to Phase 3 based on these results and obviously are thinking about that. I think the primary endpoint, again, let's get the 18-patient data, but it will be likely BMI percent change. And as you highlighted, and we've been clear all along that our goal is to get to a BMI reduction of 5% or more at 52 weeks.

I think that's completely doable. I think the probability we can hit a placebo-adjusted 5% difference is extremely high. So -- and that is all we will need, FDA agreeing here, but that is exactly the way the regulation is written. The regulation is written is a 5% placebo-adjusted change. So if you look at the history of these patients, as Dr. Miller said, gaining weight coming into the trial, if you look at the fact that in the vast majority of patients, we are having a clear biologic effect with a reduction. And even in those who have gained some weight, there's a plateauing there, maybe a further decrease over time. So all of that gives me a lot of confidence that this BMI primary point percent change can be the primary endpoint, and we can hit it, one.

Two, responder analysis is important for the regulators and FDA specifically. So that will very much be part of it. Just to remind people on BBS, we had about -- and that's another tough disease. We had about 60% of the patients who cleared 5% at 52 weeks. So it's not that, that specific indication at 100%. And so we have some history there with challenging populations. Third, the HQ-CT scores, again, in a placebo-controlled trial based as I indicated on the biology, I think that will be positive. And then, of course, body composition change, and we will get DEXA scans on all patients in our Phase 3 trial. So that will not be a primary, but that will be a key secondary. And in rare diseases, you bring the totality of the evidence to bear. It's not just a pure primary. I think we'll hit the primary for the reasons I said, but it will be supported strongly by the key secondaries.

That's really helpful. Maybe just one follow-up question. What change in BMI would you expect for an untreated patient similar to the ones that you enrolled in this trial over 12 months? How much is the average?

Dr. Miller, maybe just...

It's about -- it's actually the opposite direction. So it can be close to 5% in 12 months.

Perfect. That's very helpful. Congrats again on the data.

Yes. And to that Dr. Miller's point, I mean, that's supported by the data from the randomized controlled trial of beloranib that was run originally.

Next question comes from Tazeen Ahmad with Bank of America.

Thanks for the update on PWS. I wanted to get a sense about how you're thinking about the profile of patients you plan to enroll in Phase 3. So just based on the data that you presented today, you've talked about certain caveats about why certain patients may not have had ideal weight loss, for example.

So how do you take that information and translate that into entry criteria for your study? And then as it relates to 718, you've chosen to look at it, is it primarily because it doesn't have the hyperpigmentation side effect? Or do you think it could have mechanistically reason to induce more weight loss and maybe more control of hyperphagia than you've seen with setmelanotide?

Yes. Thanks, Tazeen. Let me take the 718 question first. No, the -- a couple of reasons for proceeding with 718. One is we had an early sense that this drug was working. So we activated that plan because we had a vehicle here with the 718 study where we knew we could add a Part D arm, number one. Number two, I think between the weekly injectable and the daily oral, particularly because we didn't have our smaller formulation ready to go, concern about patients joking on a pill, for example, in a Prader-Willi population was more of a concern and the weekly seemed like a preferable approach there.

Three, our goal for all of our indications is to get our next-generation programs approved for those. And so this gave us a running start by getting -- being able to get some information. So we're well underway here in terms of getting that arm activated. As I said, the first site has been initiated, and we hope to have our first patient screened by the end of the month. So all that was what went into choosing to go forward with 718. In terms of entry criteria, yes, that's -- it's a really important question. And again, what you've heard, and I'm not sure this is just such a complicated population. My initial response is it would be an all-comers trial. I mean one of the advantages is that we can enroll the patients that Dr. Miller highlighted who have no other option. And I don't think we would be looking to enroll a trial where we cherry picked a few patients.

So I imagine an all-comer trial, patients with obesity, so we can see the change in their BMI. But remember, again, when you do an all-comers trial and it's randomized, those patients who end up in the placebo group, they'll drive the placebo change. And so with the primary endpoint of placebo adjusted, it will work fine in our benefit. So -- and I'm not -- I think as Dr. Miller also highlighted, severe diabetes, I don't think that's a major compounding problem for us and those patients have no other options. So yes, a long way of saying, I think it would be an all-comers trial.

Okay. And maybe just a quick follow-up. For PWS, if patients experience hyperpigmentation, do you think that this population is similar to how you described HO or doctors have described HO as that would not be rate limiting?

Dr. Miller?

I'm sorry, I was interacting with the patient. I apologize.

No, no. Yes, Tazeen just asked, how significant do you think hyperpigmentation is in this group? Yes, did have one patient...

Not at all other than that one patient. Yes, no, they don't care. Actually, they kind of like it because they tend to -- especially the deletion patients delete a pigment gene. And so they tend to be very fair skinned. And so the hyperpigmentation actually makes them color-wise more similar to their family. And I've had -- other than the one who discontinued, I've had 0 patients complain about it.

And our next question will come from Mike Ulz with Morgan Stanley.

Congratulations on the early data as well. Maybe just a question among those patients that had lost weight, can you talk about the pattern of weight loss over the treatment period? Was it more choppy? Or was there a general downward trend in those patients? And do you think continuing to treat those patients longer may result in even greater weight loss?

Yes. Dr. Miller, I'm going to ask to help here. I mean we did see choppiness, of course, and part of that was in a couple of the patients related to their diabetes and other meds, but what do you think?

Yes. I think it was a steady downward trend. Of course, there's always choppiness, but it's been sort of slow and steady, a pound or 2 a month, so -- which I feel is kind of a healthy way to lose weight. And it also tends to be more visceral fat than subcutaneous fat, at least on DEXA and looking at them, you can see an improvement in the fat that's accumulated around the abdomen, which is from a metabolic perspective, awesome. And so yes, I think, again, slow and steady. It's -- some of them are disappointed where there's a month where they haven't lost weight, but we're also at holiday season. And so people eat for different reasons besides hunger, too. So I'm going to try to tell everybody that slow and steady wins the race, but I do anticipate that by a year, we'll see more significant changes.

And our next question will come from Seamus Fernandez with Guggenheim.

Congrats on the data. Apologies for the background noise. Just wanted to quickly ask, in terms of the ability to evaluate not just BMI, it seems like there would also be the possibility of Z-score depending on the patients that get recruited into the study. So just interested to know, again, maybe along the lines of Phil's questions, the types of endpoints, how you think the agency is likely to evaluate the drug here? And then could you also help us understand how necessary the higher dose regimen was and the percentage of patients that reached the top dose and stayed on it?

Yes. Sam, let me just clarify. Your first question was about BMI Z scores as being an additional piece?

Yes.

Yes. So yes, for sure. So let me take that first. What we've done -- we'll do the same thing we've done in all of our trials. We don't -- in rare disease, again, particularly these groups, we don't have the luxury of running an adult only, adolescent only under 12 only. So we'll run one trial. It's likely to be as the entry criteria for this one are 6 years and above or 4 years and above, we'll see where we are. But -- so we'll need an endpoint that captures both. So BMI, of course, is better than weight.

But BMIZ analysis will be done for those kids for the children who are under 18 years of age. And then our responder analysis will be similar to what we've done previously, which is to say how many patients cleared 5% on their BMI and for those under 18, how many had a BMIZ score change of greater than 0.2 clinical meaning. So those will be the -- that will be added, and it will give us greater insight and also mitigate some of the fact that BMIs do increase as kids are growing. Sorry, what was the other one was -- the dosing, how they've done in the dosing. So the majority of patients and Dr. if you're there, maybe you can just comment, the majority have been between 4 and 5 mgs, but Dr. Miller, maybe you can just comment on dosing.

Yes. I think there's only one patient that remains on 5 milligrams, and that's patient #1. And so most have hung out at 4 to 4.5 and seem to be doing very well with that -- sorry, I'm measuring waist circumference as we speak. And so they seem to be doing very well with that. Sorry. They seem to be doing well with the dose of 4 to 4.5 the episode of fatigue that was reported as one of the AEs was due to -- with somebody on the 5-milligram dose. These patients take a lot of medications, especially a lot of psych medications. So parents tend to be of the mindset that the smaller the effective dose, the better, which I don't disagree with. So we went up to 5 on almost everybody, but most of the people seem to do the best on 4 to 4.5. All the little ones under 12 are on 3 as a maximum dose and are doing very well on that. So yes, so it's not many that are on the maximum dose, but there's -- I would say, everyone, except for one over the age of 12 is above -- is at 4 or 4.5 milligrams, except for the one at 5 milligrams.

Okay. And then maybe if I could just ask one last follow-up. The percentage of patients that you think would be applicable just given your initial experience to treatment with either setmelanotide or a weekly 718 in this patient population, is it 50%, 80%, 100%, 20%? Just helpful to know how you're reacting to these data in those terms? I know it's a little bit of an unfair question.

It is a little bit of an unfair question because, of course, weight issues differ across different providers and where individuals with Prader-Willi live and environmental security and all that kind of stuff. I mean, honestly, if you look at people who would be eligible from if you just look at weight, for example, it's probably about 40% of the population that would be eligible. I would say if you're looking at weight and hyperphagia, it's probably going to be less than that. But yes, I still think it's a very -- a pretty significant proportion of the population.

And our next question will come from Derek Archila with Wells.

Congrats on the update. So just one for David, and one for Dr. Miller. David, I guess, should we assume that the start of this Part D cohort with 718 in Prader-Willi patients implies that Part C and HO is trending positively? And then a question for Dr. Miller is more centered around the Vykat and IMCIVREE combo usage in the trial. It didn't seem like there was much synergy there, but just curious to get your thoughts if there's any things underlying there. And I guess, whether or not you see roles for both Vykat and IMCIVREE in your practice?

Dr. Miller, why don't you take the Vykat first and then I'll answer...

Okay. So I definitely do think there's synergy. Again, you only saw data from one of the patients, but we actually have it evenly divided between those on Vykat and those not on Vykat who are in this clinical trial. And I think from a body composition perspective, I'm definitively seeing synergy between the 2 medications. And so, yes, the data is so early in most of those patients because, again, those 2 that you saw some data on were probably the most severe that we had.

They were people that run multiple diabetes meds because the parents said that the efficacy of the Vykat was such that they would never come off of it, no matter how many additional meds they had to add. And I hated that for them because I would really like to not have people on a ton of different meds if we can avoid it. So anyway, so those were the probably the most severe of the people enrolled into the trial that were on Vykat. And I do anticipate a good synergy between the 2 drugs, if that answers your question. And yes, I think I would use both together in certain situations and clinics.

And just to be clear, the trial, as you know, wasn't designed to draw any conclusions about that necessarily. We obviously, as Dr. Miller said, very interested in seeing it. And we would envision a Phase 3 trial, which would allow as we're running this trial, patients on Vykat to be enrolled. And as we did with GLP-1s and our other study, they would just need to be stable coming into the trial on their Vykat dose.

So background. And then your other question, Derek, was, is there any read-through to starting Part D to what's going on in Part C? And what all I would say there is what I've said all along back to before we even had the BIVA data, many of you often ask between the BIVA and the 718, which one do you think is more likely to be positive? I always answered that, that look, there's more unknowns around BIVA. 718 was built off of what we know about setmelanotide. It's much closer in terms of preclinical data and the like. And therefore, if you had to bet, I would bet that 718 would be okay. So anyway, there's no change to that opinion. We now have BIVA data, which looks very good. So that's sort of taken some of the uncertainty out of the part of the equation. But we're still optimistic about 718 and but I can't take that next step, which would say we did this because of what we're seeing in 718.

And our next question will come from Corinne Johnson with Goldman Sachs.

This is Anupam on behalf of Corinne. So basically, I have 2 questions. So one, like what can you share regarding the correlation between change in hyperphagia and change in body weight asking from this -- asking from a perspective that you would likely be using the change in BMI as the primary endpoint going forward? And the second one is like what else do you need to see from this ongoing study to inform the registrational trial design?

So let me say on the correlation, and I'm going to draw from all of our experience here. So across all of our development programs with MC4R agonism, we see a very consistent decrease in the hunger score. We've used this 10-point VAS scale. And literally, BBS, the PPL original study and of course, the HO studies, almost independent of where patients started on that scale. So most patients, for example, had scores in the 7 to 8 range. We had, on average, 2 to 3-point decreases. But even patients with a 4-point starting rating on that scale, they had 2- to 3-point decreases in there.

So they were experiencing a change, number one. Number two, when we try to correlate that change with weight, it doesn't correlate per se. It moves together, but it doesn't correlate. It's not that the patient who saw a bigger change in their hunger score saw a bigger change in weight. And I think the same thing is true here in that biologically, and maybe that's part of what Dr. Miller is describing, these patients just feel better. Biologically, they're feeling an effect. How that translates into the specific tool you're using, in this case, in HQ-CT might be somewhat imprecise and therefore, a strong correlation in weight, as we've highlighted. Also, we don't have a pure weight test here in the sense that there's a lot of other factors these patients are dealing with, which may confound our ability to see the weight loss.

So the long answer to say no, no correlation, but biologically, they do move together. And then your last question was what else do we need to see? No, we don't need to see anything else. As I said, in terms of making a decision to go to Phase 3, and that's why we're having the call today. I think we've made that decision. What -- the 6-month data in all 18 patients will give us is just a lot more color around how to think about planning that Phase 3. Obviously, 18 is double the amount of 8 here. So having more robust numbers is incredibly valuable. But we'll be looking for the same things we reported out on today.

And our next question will come from Dennis Ding with Jefferies...

Maybe a question on placebo. I know the beloranib data suggests placebo should gain BMI, but there's also a liraglutide study in kids that show placebo reduces BMI. So I wonder how you're thinking about the placebo effect and if there are nuances that we're missing with interpreting the liraglutide data? And then number two, for RM-718, it seems like you're looking at 10 to 50 milligrams weekly. How do those doses correlate with the doses of setmelanotide used here in the Prader-Willi trial? And could there -- could you guys be dosing higher?

Yes. So I can't -- I don't know if I can answer and Dr. Miller welcome any thoughts here. I mean the placebo effect, I think that beloranib data was a good randomized controlled trial. And so maybe it be about as good as it gets in terms of giving us some sense of what may happen here. I think currently, our experience in this trial is patients into this trial were gaining weight. So I'm not so concerned -- in our HO study is another example, if you have a defect in the MC4R pathway, you do not spontaneously lose weight. There's not a placebo effect. We didn't see it in our BBS trial. We had a different design in our PPL trial originally. And obviously, the HO patients, we had a 3% increase in the placebo group. So we can't answer your study exactly that, but I'm pretty confident that the placebo adjusted is likely to move in our favor. Dr. Miller, I don't know if you have any other thoughts there or...

I really don't. It is unusual to me that the liraglutide trial did show some reduction in weight at the 1-year point in the placebo group. But that's just not reality for the most part. For the most part, reality is that these individuals after age 7 to 8 to 9 start to gain weight, and it's very hard to go backwards and to lose weight, almost impossible.

Great. And then your question on the dosing for 718. So that trial is designed, they'll dose escalate from 10 to 40 mg. Your question was how does that relate to setmelanotide. So we don't have a direct 1:1. I mean the way we thought about -- I'll just go back to our original Camurus, which was the long-acting form of setmelanotide. When we ran that study, we did -- and this was not completely arbitrary, but we took a 3 mg dose and those patients crossed over to 30 mg and those who are on a 2 mg dose crossed over to 20, 7 days a week times 3 would give you 21 mg.

So the idea here was to dose above the total amount delivered. That's been the strategy for 718 and going from 10 to 40 was to give us a little bit of cushion there because there was no reason not to. And still learning about weekly formulations and how that works in terms of translating to efficacy. The trial allows up to 50, and that's basically the same thought process as for this trial, which is almost all patients we've treated have done well at 3 mg. This was a new population with a lot of perhaps more challenging aspects to their disease. So we wanted to make sure dosing wasn't something left on the table. So we allowed dosing up to 5 mg in this case. So the ability to go to 50s, that's the same thought process. Does that help?

And our next question comes from Jon Wolleben with Citizens.

Just wondering if you had a chance to look at the PK data and if there's an association between drug levels and the effects you're seeing. And then pivoting to the Phase 3 trial, how do you think about the variability of moving to a multicenter study and kind of losing Dr. Miller's expertise, but perhaps getting less challenging patients at the same time. So how do you account for that moving into a larger multisite study?

Yes. I'll take that one first. I mean, yes, there's only one Dr. Miller in the world. I think that -- the beauty of larger placebo-controlled trials is the numbers basically take care of it. In theory, whatever variability you get site to site, investigator to investigator, that washes out in the randomized part of the trial. So I'm not actually not at all concerned about that. I do think your point that we will have a more representative PWS population than we have perhaps in these early patients we're describing today is based on the fact that these were Dr. Miller's most challenging patients with really truly no options.

I think as the community sees results and becomes more interested, which is what tends to happen with drugs that look like they're working, I think we will get a broader population, and that should work to our benefit. So I'm not concerned, to be honest about that aspect of it. And with regard to PK values, we're collecting, but it's trough levels. So we won't be -- what it will give us is some insight into compliance and the like, but it's not -- we won't have tight PK curves that we can then try to translate to how that translates to efficacy, some sort of PD relationship. It will give us a sense, a, most importantly, are they taking the drug the way we thought. So that's it -- there's limitations here in terms of how much we could do with these patients.

And our next question will come from Whitney Ijem with Canaccord.

It's Angela on for Whitney. Congrats on the data. Just curious, any additional color you can provide on that one patient discontinuation? It sounded like hyperpigmentation was the reason, but was that the only reason? And then can you also confirm what dose they titrated to before discontinuing and like what the -- like the timing around that was?

Yes, I can answer those, Dr. Miller. So -- and this is based on feedback from Dr. Miller, I think there was a number of things going on too. These patients have -- it's not just the patient themselves, as I understand it. There's also potentially complex family dynamics, which can impact how a drug gets managed here. And maybe Dr. Miller, you want to jump in. The maximum dose they got to was 3.5 mg, but they were on and off, and they discontinued the study at 20 weeks. But Dr. Miller, anything else you want to add there?

I just chuckled when you said complex family issues because that's putting it lightly. Yes, no. And the 3.5, they were only on for -- I think he was only on for less than a week before she pulled it. So he was -- they were just extremely noncompliant. It was an adult patient who had never been treated with growth hormone or testosterone or anything. And so there was just a lot going on there with the mom having to give injections and she had her own stuff going on about that.

So yes, so that's it. So I think that you don't get to eliminate those patients are part of your cohort. But obviously, what we've looked for -- I'll just say this, in all of our trials with MC4 agonism and with a very simple concept that if you have a deficit in the pathway, you have a hormonal deficiency, we're replacing that hormone. And as with most hormone deficiency states, when you replace the hormone, you should have a very high percentage of responders. And I think that's what we're looking for here. And to the extent that somebody didn't respond, are there other issues? And obviously, in this case, there's definitely another issue.

Got it. And maybe a very quick -- sorry, if I could have a quick follow-up question for Dr. Miller. For the patients who might not be eligible for therapy on a weight basis, so about 60%, would you maybe want to put those patients on setmelanotide for other benefits like giving them more energy to do things or just be happier? Like is there a potential for a broader label here?

I am really -- I apologize. Can you repeat the question? Sorry, go ahead.

Sorry, just for the patients who might not be eligible because they're overweight, would you also potentially want to put those patients on for the other benefits like having more energy to do things and just being happier overall? Is there like just that potential for a broader label down the road?

I don't have the answer to that because every trial I've done with Rhythm through all the years, which are many. It's always been for patients who are significantly overweight. And so -- but yes, I do definitely across the board with this drug, see improvements in what appears to be improvements in mental health and physical health. So it's a very good question that you would have to ask Dr. Meeker the answer to. In my personal experience, I mean, I'm just honestly thrilled looking at the results in these patients, again, who I consider to be some of my most very difficult patients to control.

Yes. And Angela, I think building on what Dr. Miller said, we'll evaluate that population. We'll start with the BMI patients who have obesity defined by their BMI, but these other changes, if you correct the underlying biology, you can imagine a world where if they're not obese today because they're in a rigorously controlled environment, maybe this drug could help get them more freedom and not have to live in the exact same environment. And how you run that trial, that becomes interesting, and those are things we'll think about, of course. But we'll definitely start with those patients who are obese.

And our next question will come from Paul Matteis with Stifel.

This is Julian on for Paul. Congrats on the early data. I guess just when thinking about the Part D of the study, can you just remind us which sites are being used? Is it going to be Dr. Miller's and that one additional site that you enrolled that you've talked about in the past? Or any additional plans for that? And then when talking about allowing background Vykat for a future Phase 3, is there a cap or a proportion that you would target for enrolling patients on background Vykat? And if you have any initial thoughts on that would be great to hear.

Sure. So the question -- the answer on the Vykat piece is, I don't know, it's a good question. We'll see how the world evolves in terms of how many patients would be on Vykat in this population. Whatever we do, we would stratify. So you have an equal number in both. You do a subset analysis of patients on Vykat and not on Vykat. I think what's really encouraging about this data to date is the monotherapy, I mean, those -- we only have 2 patients here. The bulk of these patients in the first 8 patients are not on Vykat. We're seeing the same response at this point. So as Dr. Miller said earlier, we have a lot to learn about how these 2 drugs might interact together.

But the good news for us is that the monotherapy is clearly active here and having meaningful -- what seem to be meaningful effects here on both weight and some of these other parameters. So that's the way we'd handle the Vykat. With regard to the sites in the Part D, again, this was, a, it made sense for us strategically; b, it was a bit opportunistic. So we have gone to the sites we're using for that 718 HO study. They're not all the same investigators at the site. So the other investigators may be following the Prader-Willi population. But in terms of getting the study up and running, that was the easiest. We're evaluating whether we'll add some additional sites. Dr. Miller site is pretty backed out at the moment. She's done an incredible amount for us. And so she may not be one of those sites, but she'll certainly be a lead investigator going into Phase 3.

And our next question will come from Thomas Smith with Leerink Partners.

Congrats on the early data. Apologies if I missed this, but could you talk a little bit about the kinetics and the consistency of the hyperphagia improvements in the study and maybe directionally how that's trending out at 6 months and beyond? And then on the Phase 3 plans, could you elaborate a little bit on some of the stratification factors you're considering, whether it's baseline BMI, hyperphagia genotype or some other factors and how you're planning to maximize probability of success there from an enrollment standpoint?

Yes. With regard to the kinetics of the HQ-CT, those scores drop quickly, meaning over the first 1 to 2 months, and then they stay down at basically that level. So we showed you the data from 3 months. That's very consistent with what we would expect to see biologically. It's what we've seen in all of our other trials. An extreme example of a BBS patient, which always sticks in my mind is the patient was dosed in the doctor's office, the first dose and the doctor got a call at noon time from the mother who said, we're at the airport and my son left half the sandwich on his plate and he's never done that before.

So that's consistent with how the physiology of this MC4R agonism works. And so again, seeing this change in scores on the earlier side, again, makes sense to us. Now in Prader-Willi, it's complicated because you've got a lot of other behavioral issues, which may not be driven specifically by a lack of satiety. And so those things may complicate the ability to see changes in behavior and some of the things that are being captured by the HQ-CT.

But in general, that's the biology. It moves quickly and tends to stay at about the same level -- with regard to Phase 3, again, I'll please just it's early here. I've given you some initial thinking. Things we've done in the past, which we would for sure do here. If we have an all-comers trial, age 6 and above, for example, we'd stratify by age. You have to stratify by age, stratify by things that have the potential to have a significant impact on outcomes. So the fact that Vykat, maybe there might be synergy, then of course, you want to stratify that. And then I think beyond that, you can have infinite stratification, we'll get some more data in here and make final decisions, but those are 2 that for sure, we'll stratify for.

And our next question will come from Rohan Mathur with Oppenheimer.

This is Rohan on for Leland. Just given how debilitating hyperphagia is in this patient population, how are you thinking about the relative importance of showing robust reduction in hyperphagia versus clinically meaningful BMI changes, especially as you're thinking about the pivotal study? And this is maybe more for Dr. Miller. As you think about positioning with Vykat, what kind of patients would you expect to be considered eligible for Vykat and not setmelanotide?

Let me take the first one, and then Dr. Miller, you can think if there's anything you want to add there? In terms of what we would view as most important, the way we think about BMI versus -- I mean, it's all part of what makes it's all part of the disease. If you have a deficiency in the pathway, it's not like you just gain weight necessarily without an impact on your satiety signal. Now like satiety like pain, patients interpret it differently. I mean in some patients, you run a pain score.

It's not that the injury isn't there, whatever induced might induce pain, just people interpret it differently. Some have little to no "registry" of that, others find it extreme. And so this hyperphagia endpoint is no different than that. And so again, with that context, our focus will be on the BMI changes, the body composition changes. And the way we think about hyperphagia is biologically, if we are moving those aspects of the disease because the BMI, the weight gain, the BMI gain is a consequence of the lack of a satiety signal, i.e., increased energy intake and decreased energy expenditure and that combination, of course, leads to often the more obesity we see in patients with this deficit.

So I don't know if that answers your question. But yes, BMIs are going to be our focus and associated changes there. But hyperphagia, if those move, it will move. And that's how we think about it. And Dr. Miller, just your thoughts in the world -- and again, I'm going to give you an out here in terms of being extremely early, but thinking about patients on Vykat versus something like a setmelanotide.

Yes. I mean I think I would do what I've done here, which is that I would choose patients for setmelanotide who weight and the comorbidities of weight are very significant problems for them, whether that be diabetes or lymphedema or untreated obstructive sleep apnea. For Vykat, it's been fairly easy to choose who goes on, people with significant hyperphagia go on. And just because you do have significant hyperphagia and Prader-Willi does not mean you have to be obese.

Most of the families -- and we're talking a younger generation here right now. The older generation is still a little bit skeptical of any new drugs. But with regard to Vykat, the families -- I mean food is locked, there's constant supervision, that kind of thing. And so Vykat allows them to have a little bit more freedom and a freedom for the kids in their lives to live a more normal life. And so I'm choosing ones that are not having those complications that would potentially cause problems or side effects on Vykat if they were to start it clinically. And for setmelanotide, I mean, again, it would be the people that really are having complications of their weight because, again, weight is almost impossible to treat in Prader-Willi. It's very, very difficult.

Okay. Thank you for that question. I know we got to get Dr. Miller back to clinic here. We could take -- there's 3 more questions, please.

Yes. For the last 3, if we just ask to limit it to one question...

One question each, and we'll try to wrap up here.

And the next question will come from Raghuram Selvaraju with H.C. Wainwright.

I just wanted to ask about how you folks are looking at the prediabetic space in Prader-Willi syndrome. At what point would you be able to proactively identify patients who wouldn't be considered candidates for Vykat therapy because of the likelihood that the therapy might predispose them towards the development of diabetes.

So what we're really looking at is the segment of patients who might not necessarily be formally diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, but who are trending in that direction. And maybe this, in a sense, is also something for the expert to opine on. But I just wanted to see if it would be possible for you to comment on how early in the treatment continuum you might expect a drug like setmelanotide to be deployable.

So I will say that sorry, go ahead, David. Sorry.

No. Go ahead.

I was going to say that prediabetes itself does not stop me from starting someone on Vykat. I mean, obviously, we watch the blood sugars very closely. We watch the A1c very closely. During the clinical trial, which I was one of the lead investigators for, we saw the sugars and A1c initially go up and then came back down and stabilized over time. So I advise the patients that, that's what happened in the trial. And as long as we stick to diet and we do what we're supposed to do, then I'm not really worried about starting them on Vykat.

So that's not the population I'm really thinking of. It's the people who have overt diabetes. It's the people with an A1c -- I mean, patient #1 in this trial, her A1c was 15.4 when she came in. I mean, in patient #2, I think she was 12.1 when she came in. I mean those are people that just flat out would never be -- I would never consider for Vykat therapy. Those are the people I'm thinking about for starting setmelanotide versus Vykat. Does that answer your question?

Yes, that's perfect.

And the next question will come from Samantha Semenkow with Citi.

This is Ben on for Sam. I was wondering if you could provide -- or excuse me, if you could remind us or maybe provide some additional color on the differences in the patients that had deeper responses between months 3 and 6 versus those that didn't? And then how do you plan to control for those in the planned registrational trial?

Yes, I'll take it. We can't plan for that. But just to remind you, so out of the 5 patients who made it to the end of the trial, 3 of them trended down, 2 cleared the 5% that was patient 2 and 3. Patient 6, which I went through, that patient plateaued from month 3 to 6 on their BMI, but that was the patient with their DEXA scan that showed the 10% decrease in their fat mass. So I view all of those patients as good strong responders, nothing to do. And then patient #5, as we talked about, he had actually decreased 4% at month 2.

Now it was month 3, he had already -- during that period in noncompliance, he had started to regain. So again, those kind of patients are incredibly helpful, which is they're an on/off. Looks like they're responding, they're taking the meds. When you stop the meds, they regain again. And so all you can do in a Phase 3 trial is you just try to maximize compliance as best you can. And then patient 1, we talked about a lot, which is just really challenging and maybe stabilization for her is already a win. And her corresponding phenotype in the placebo group would be continuing to gain weight. So that would offset. So that's how we think about that part of it.

And the last question will come from Joey Stringer with Needham...

Sorry if I missed this, but just generally, can you describe the types of background meds that patients were on? I know you mentioned ICAT, but others that could potentially affect weight loss such as CLIPS. And then quickly for Dr. Miller, just in general, were the patient baseline characteristics and the corresponding background meds representative with what you would see with PWS patients in your practice?

I can answer both questions actually, David, if that's okay. So the background meds, nobody was on a GLP-1. And so there were really -- nobody was on any med aside from Vykat VCA that potentially could even potentially have an effect on weight. The great majority of these patients are on atypical antipsychotics, which is very, very common in the population of Prader-Willi that we're looking at here. Adolescents, there's a very high incidence of people on atypical antipsychotics due to behavioral problems. And so that was the most common med. Growth hormone, of course, levothyroxine, occasionally Corteva for central adrenal insufficiency. Some behavioral meds like Depakote, Llithium for patients that had particularly severe behavior problems. Those were the most common. It was mostly psych meds that were the most common concurrent medications for people on this trial. And again, that is very representative of the population.

Perfect. And some of those meds can contribute to weight gain, so they do.

Right. Exactly, not weight loss, right?

Okay. I think that was the last question. So I want to thank all of you for tuning in this morning. Obviously, we're excited about where we are and really looking forward to developing further in this indication. Talk to you all soon.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating, and you may now disconnect.

Good day, and welcome to the Rhythm Pharmaceuticals Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, this call may be recorded.

I'd now like to turn the call over to Dave Connolly, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Michelle. Good morning. I'm Dave Connolly here at Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. This morning, we issued a press release announcing that the extension of the PDUFA goal date for setmelanotide in HO was extended from December 20 to March 20. That press release is available on our website.

For those of you participating on the conference call, we have a few slides that can be accessed and controlled by going to the Investors section of our website, ir.rhythmtx.com.

On the call today is David Meeker, our Chairman, CEO and President; Alicia Fiscus, Senior Vice President and Head of Regulatory; and CFO, Hunter Smith are here today as well available to answer questions.

On Slide 3, I'll remind you that this call contains remarks concerning future expectations, plans and prospects, which constitute forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by these forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including those discussed in our most recent annual or quarterly reports on file with the SEC.

In addition, any forward-looking statements represent our views as of today and should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent dates. We specifically disclaim any obligation to update such statements.

With that, I'll turn the call over to Dr. Meeker, who will begin on Slide 5. And at the conclusion, we will take a few questions this morning from our covering analysts. Dr. Meeker?

Thank you, Dave. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining on such short notice. We learned that last evening that the FDA extended the PDUFA goal date in connection with the review of our supplemental NDA for setmelanotide to treat patients with acquired hypothalamic obesity. The agency asked for additional sensitivity analyses in October and then deemed our response to their request to be a major amendment, which allows the FDA reviewers to extend the PDUFA date by 3 months. The PDUFA was extended, as Dave noted, from December 20 this year to March 20, 2026. We will obviously work closely with the reviewers, and we have every competencies. Additional analyses confirm the robustness of setmelanotide's efficacy and support approval.

So here's what happened. We received an information request dated October 20 and submitted the response by the due date of October 27, and extension was based on that response. The information request asked for a sensitivity analysis related to our first key secondary end point. The proportion of adult patients with greater than or equal 5% reduction in BMI or pediatric patients with a greater than or equal 0.2 BMI Z-score reduction.

Specifically, since this was a global trial, we only record the year of birth for each patient and not the month and day because of data privacy laws. For a child, months make a difference in the calculation of their BMI Z-scores. For the analysis, we have used an imputed date of January 1 as the birth date for each patient when calculating BMI Z-scores, which are age dependent, which is the same approach we have taken for each of our trials.

For this information request, the FDA asked us to use an imputed birth date of July 1 for each patient as opposed to January 1 as an additional sensitivity analysis and to rerun that analysis for all patients under [ 18 ]. The results of that reanalysis and how the results compared to the original analysis are shown on Slide 5. The left side of the table shows the setmelanotide and placebo results for the 120 patient cohort and the full 142 patient cohort using the January 1 imputed date. This was our original submission. The right side of the table shows the same data using an imputed date of July 1. As you can see, when the data set was reanalyzed with the adjustment, the results were highly similar in the trial conclusions unaltered.

We also have previously submitted as part of the review, a couple of additional sensitivity analysis on the full data set, which had been requested, which showed similar results and no change to the conclusion.

The FDA judge this October 27's response to their information requests as constituting a major amendment justifying the extension of the PDUFA date. Importantly, we have not been notified of any significant safety or efficacy concerns.

This extension was unexpected and obviously incredibly disappointing, most importantly, for patients with hypothalamic obesity with no approved therapies available. We will continue to work with the FDA to swiftly address any additional questions.

And as Dave noted, we'll move now to questions and obviously, happy to take questions here. These notifications we have from the FDA are extremely cryptic. So I don't have a lot of additional information beyond -- if any, beyond what we've laid out here and our goal in laying this out, is try to give you as much transparency and visibility into what happened here.

So with that, we'll go to questions.

[Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from Phil Nadeau with TD Cowen.

Thanks for the transparency, very helpful. Two from us. I guess, first, so you had this information request. It seems like it doesn't change the conclusions. Are there any other outstanding information request from the FDA? Or was this the last one?

And then second, if memory serves me back in 2022 when you got the label extension for BBS, there was also a request for, I think, a sensitivity analysis that resulted in a 3-month push to the PDUFA, but ultimately the application was approved. Can you remind us what happened back in 2022 and how similar the situation is to that?

Sure. Let me take that 1 first. So yes, we did have exactly the same situation on the BBS file. They asked us for a relatively voluminous request, again, a sensitivity analysis, I'm really analyzing much of the same data set. That was submitted. To be honest with you, we had no further interaction around the data we resubmitted, the review then went forward. And as you know, that we were approved on the new PDUFA date. So it's similar only in the sense that they ask for a fairly -- they asked a big question with a bunch of additional work.

And what also happens with these questions, I mean, this -- we generated a very simple table here. And as you can see from the table, it shows there's nothing has changed, that would be easy for them to look at. That's not all they want. They want all of the original data laid out in table form for every single patient, and then they rerun the analysis themselves. So the additional work in time that they need is based on the fact not that they need to review our table, but that they need to review all of the original data and redo the analysis. So yes, similar in that sense.

Are there any other requests? So the review is still ongoing. We -- you continue to get questions as you go forward. The way the timing works here, we were just coming up on 1 of the dates in -- formal dates in the review period where they are required to give you some feedback on what our potential post-marketing request, that was November 8, the Saturday. So that would mean ideally today, we would have gotten some of that information. So they were bumping up against a time line for a requirement on their side.

But as I said, the review will go forward up until presumably the March 20 date, and they can continue to ask questions on any part of the file as that goes forward. But there's been nothing, as we've gotten to this point, and there's nothing that we see going forward that they would request, but I don't know. I mean we'll see. I mean they can obviously ask additional questions.

Our next question comes from Derek Archila with Wells Fargo.

Just a quick question from us in terms of just the reviewers. Any changes there in terms of like who's been reviewing the application that might have driven this change or this additional request or -- just a question there.

And then in terms of -- again, kind of I guess piggybacking off Phil's question, I mean, is there still a possibility that we could get something on the earlier side of approval before the new PDUFA date just given that, is it like such a voluminous data request, as you kind of said with BBS, is this kind of less volume in terms of data that you're submitting?

Yes. So technically, they can approve it at any time. The PDUFA date is just a goal target. So yes, in theory, it could come earlier.

I think historically, my understanding is that's not what tends to happen, they tend to use the time available. So I think our expectation going forward is that March 20 would be the date.

They did ask -- sorry, when going back to Phil's question, for updated data now that we have this extended PDUFA date, there's -- Japanese patients will complete their full period, so they want that data as it becomes available as well. So they'll use the full time is my guess.

Sorry, there was another question there, Derek?

Yes, just any changes in the personnel reviewing the file.

Sorry, yes. So no, not that we're aware of. I mean all the communication comes from the review division Director. That has not changed. And again, as we've highlighted in our other calls, it seems like we're moving along in a pretty straightforward normal situation. It didn't seem to be affected by some of the other changes at the FDA.

The only other thing, and again, we can all just speculate on what's going on here. I mean this is a busy division. They reviewed all the obesity submissions. And we know the priority review voucher discussion just came up, and there -- some obesity drugs that look like they may be in there, and that may put additional workload on this. So all of this is pure speculation. And again, I don't know, we only know what we got from my cryptic notification.

Our next question comes from Mike Ulz with Morgan Stanley.

It's Avi Novick on line for Mike. I also appreciate all the transparency here. Yes. So I guess, just thinking ahead to the eventual launch of this 3-month extension still enable you to set, identify more patients. Or how does that impact your launch plans and your launch readiness targets?

We'll be better prepared. I mean it's not all downside of this in the sense that -- of course, the team is now in place. And you heard from Jennifer, people have been hired. They're in the field. They only have more time again to continue to help work with this community and build more relationships, and we'll be -- by the time approval does come, we will be even better prepared.

Our next question comes from Corinne Johnson with Goldman Sachs.

Maybe you could just talk a little bit about that comment you made regarding -- including the Japanese data in the filing. How big of an addition is that? And any chance that could cause any further delays?

Yes. No, it's 12 patients. So -- and all of the pieces, you're dropping in 12 patients. It's minimal in terms of the incremental add to this. We've provided safety updates on all of those patients going forward to provide interim data on those patients going forward. This is just filling out the full data set, which as we explained previously that all these patients will complete by the end of January. So there's no issue and you never say never, but there's no risk basically to that Japanese data being added to the file.

Our next question comes from Tazeen Ahmad with Bank of America.

I just wanted to ask you, is there any read-through to interactions that you're having with the agency on clinical trials that are currently underway? Are people -- some of the people involved, some of the same people that you're going to have to negotiate with on this PDUFA, just want to get a sense, you do continue to have important data catalysts upcoming next year and beyond. I just want to get a sense of if anything needs to be changed in terms of time lines, expectations or strategy in your discussions with the agency on pipeline?

Yes. No, thanks, Tazeen. Not from our side. I mean, we've worked with the same group of reviewers. I mean there's some changes at the lower levels, if you will. But the senior leadership of this division has been intact. We've continue to work with the Division Director over time. And with our new submissions going forward as well, that's highly advantageous for the most part, I mean they know our -- they may know our drug, they know us and know the trial. So I don't -- there's no read through to these other efforts. I think this is very much -- they had time lines coming up around this drug, and they ask for this information request and have the right to judge that response as a major amendment and push it out by 3 months. So -- and beyond that, I'm just speculating. But there's no real -- I can't imagine any read-through, but these other interactions we're having.

And that's all the time we have for questions. I'd like to turn the call back over to David Meeker, CEO, for closing remarks.

Yes. So thanks, again, for all of you for tuning in. As we said, this is obviously incredibly disappointing. It happened to us before. It's happened to other companies. Like I said, we feel incredibly confident in the submission overall. We know this drug can have a potentially incredibly transformative effect for patients with HO and we'll continue to pursue that goal for getting it approved and meet the March 20 time line. So look forward to our next update. Thanks for tuning in.

Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect. Everyone, have a great day.

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" Morgan Stanley, Research Division

" TD Cowen, Research Division

" Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Research Division

" Canaccord Genuity, Research Division

" Leerink Partners LLC, Research Division

" Goldman Sachs, Research Division

" Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated, Research Division

" Guggenheim Securities, LLC, Research Division

" Jefferies LLC, Research Division

" H.C. Wainwright & Co, LLC, Research Division

" Citizens JMP Securities, LLC, Research Division

Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Rhythm Pharmaceuticals Q3 2025 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded.

I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, David Connolly, Investor Relations at Rhythm. Please go ahead.

Thank you, Heidi. I'm Dave Connolly here at Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. For those of you participating on the conference call, our slides can be accessed and controlled by going to the Investors section of our website, ir.rhythmtx.com. This morning, we issued a press release that provides our Q3 financial results and a business update, and that press release is also available on our website.

Our agenda is listed on Slide 2. On the call today are David Meeker, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President; Jennifer Lee, Executive Vice President, Head of North America; Hunter Smith, Chief Financial Officer; and Yann Mazabraud, Executive Vice President, Head of International is on the line joining us from Europe.

On Slide 3, I'll remind you that this call contains remarks concerning future expectations, plans and prospects, which constitute forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by these forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including those discussed on our most recent annual quarterly reports on file with the SEC. In addition, any forward-looking statements represent our views as of today and should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent dates. We specifically disclaim any obligation to update such statements.

With that, I'll turn the call over to David Meeker, who will begin on Slide 5.

Thank you, Dave. Good morning, everybody. Thank you for joining us this morning. Rhythm delivered strong growth and continued momentum during the third quarter as we prepare to launch IMCIVREE in acquired hypothalamic obesity pending FDA approval. That is a transformative opportunity for Rhythm. We are finishing strong in 2025, a year in which we delivered robust Phase III data with setmelanotide and HO, presented outstanding Phase II efficacy data with our next-gen oral MC4R inhibitor, bivamelagon, and strengthened our balance sheet with a $189 million equity offering in July.

With our PDUFA date next month and additional data readouts coming this quarter and next, we are well positioned to deliver sustained long-term growth. The steady growth in global IMCIVREE revenue driven predominantly by BBS continued this quarter with $51.3 million in sales, representing growth of approximately 10% in the number of patients on reimbursed therapy. We have built a strong global foundation for our business with IMCIVREE, the only therapy that addresses the root cause of hyperphagia and the severe obesity of rare MC4R pathway diseases. The teams continue to engage with physicians and prescribers, identify patients and ensure access to IMCIVREE.

Beyond commercial success, we have been executing on the regulatory front as well. For HO, both the FDA and EMEA accepted our regulatory filings this quarter. The EMA validated our type 2 marketing authorization request and the FDA accepted our supplemental NDA filing. The regulatory dialogue has been promising and productive and keeping us on track for a December 20 PDUFA date and potentially European approval in the second half of 2026. Jennifer and Yann will share some details on the quarter as well as the upcoming launch efforts in the U.S. and the timing in the international region.

We remain on track to report preliminary results from our exploratory Phase II trial in Prader-Willi syndrome by the end of the year. I have no further updates on today's call, but I will reiterate several of the comments we have made previously. There's a strong biologic rationale as to why MC4R agonism may work in PWS based to a large extent on the involvement of the MAGL-2 gene where patients with isolated MAGL-2 variants have impaired signaling through the MC4R pathway.

We also know PWS is an incredibly complex disease due to defects in many genes and a clinical presentation characterized by obesity, hyperphagia, cognitive delay and abnormal behaviors. It is this latter aspect of the disease, which makes clinical studies particularly difficult. Thus, our rather neutral prediction that we have a 50-50 chance of working. Success will be defined by a BMI percent change with the target being results that would give us confidence we could clear a 5% threshold in BMI decrease at 52 weeks in the Phase III trial.

We are collecting measures of hyperphagia, specifically the HQCT questionnaire in this trial. But I remind you, it is an open-label trial and absent a control group interpretation will be difficult. We are working with one site with a goal of enrolling 10 to 20 patients followed for 6 months. Obviously, we will not be reporting out on the full cohort in our end of the year release. I know there will be questions on exact timing. There are some practical aspects to that with regard to having as much data entered into the system and quality check as possible, but we can commit that it will be prior to the Christmas break.

One comment before we dive into the findings on Slide 6 is that over my career working on a number of rare diseases, one aspect that is invariably true is that when you get a therapy approved, you have only just begun to learn the full impact of your therapy on that disease. In BBS, for example, we had the clinical data from approximately 50 patients at the time of approval. These MC4R pathway diseases are rare and absolutely fit that mold. The paper described here on Slide 6 is a German study that showed 6 months of setmelanotide therapy was associated with clinically meaningful improvements in steatotic liver disease and kidney function.

This prospective observational study was conducted at University Hospital Essen in Germany with 26 patients with BBS ages 6 to 52 years, all with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease or MASLD at baseline. These patients were followed for 6 months. And after 6 months of treatment, more than 80% of patients exhibited either resolution of MASLD or stabilization at the lowest grade of disease or S1.

We know weight loss can improve liver function in patients with obesity, but these changes did not correlate closely with BMI change, raising the possibility that some other aspect of the melanocortin biology may be mediating these changes. These results were recently published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.

On Slide 7, our upcoming launch in HO represents an incredibly important milestone for Rhythm. As you heard from Jennifer at our investor event in September, and we'll hear again from her this morning, we have the pieces in place to execute a successful launch. She and her management team have done a great job expanding our existing commercial teams with the hiring of a group of highly experienced and extremely talented individuals who are excited to get started.

With an estimated prevalence of 10,000 patients in the United States, this is, as noted, a transformative opportunity for us. The unmet need is significant and clear and setmelanotide showed strong efficacy in Phase II and III trials. The regulatory dialogue is ongoing, and we appear to be on track for our PDUFA date of December 20. Obesity Week begins this week in Atlanta. Dr. Christian Roth has an oral presentation of the outcome of patients on GLP-1 therapy in our Phase III trials. You have seen this data previously, but it will again be an opportunity to highlight the value of correcting the hormonal deficit in alka-melanocyte stimulating hormone in patients who may not be getting the desired response from other anti-obesity medications. Overall, there is strong buzz in the community and a lot of excitement at Rhythm as we near launch.

Lastly, Slide 8 are the upcoming milestones. We covered the first 2, our PDUFA date and potential HO approval and the preliminary data readout in Grader-Willi, both likely coming in December. We aim to complete enrollment of the RM-718 weekly Phase II study in HO patients during the first quarter of 2026. We will also release top line data from the Japanese cohort from our Phase III acquired HO trial in Q1, and we will release top line data from the EMANATE trial in Q1. We aim to complete enrollment of the congenital HO trial in the first half. And finally, we will initiate our Phase III study with bivamelagon in acquired HO next year. We'll further define the timing once we've had feedback from the regulators. It's a busy end of the year.

With that, I will turn the call over to Jennifer.

Thank you, David. I'm going to be starting on Slide 10 today. So it's an exciting time as we continue our preparations for launch in acquired hypersonic obesity pending FDA approval by leveraging the strong foundation of our commercial efforts for BBS. BBS and HO are both rare diseases caused by an impairment to the MC4R pathway, which commonly results in hyperphagia or abnormal food-seeking behaviors and severe obesity. IMCIVREE is unique in its ability to address the root cause of hyperphagia and obesity in these patients.

And over the last 3 years, we have seen that physicians are prescribing IMCIVREE for their patients with BBS, payers are providing access and patients are benefiting with some now entering their fourth year on treatment. The positive growth in BBS continued during the third quarter. Quarter-over-quarter, we have seen a steady volume in new prescriptions and an increase in number of patients on reimbursed therapy. We continue to see gains in both the depth and breadth of prescribers with approximately a 7% increase in the cumulative total number of BBS prescribers quarter-over-quarter.

In the third quarter, the proportion of prescriptions for pediatric versus adult patients began to normalize following the uptick in prescriptions for pediatric patients during the first half of this year, which we discussed in our last quarterly call. For the third quarter, the breakdown of new prescriptions was as follows: 50% of new patients were adults, 22% were adolescents and 28% were pediatrics. And these percentages are trending back to the typical mix prior to the IMCIVREE label expansion to include patients as young as 2 years of age.

Next slide. Moving on to our preparations for the acquired hypothalamic obesity launch. We have hired highly experienced professionals to supplement our home office and field organization, and our teams have been actively engaging with customers. As we outlined on our acquired hypothalamic obesity commercial readiness event in September, we are focused on engaging with and educating physicians in order to differentiate MC4R pathway diseases, including acquired hypothalamic obesity from general obesity, expedite patient diagnosis and following approval, establish IMCIVREE as the foundational treatment for acquired HO and educate payers to secure access and support patients long term once they have initiated treatment.

Next slide. We also shared some insights into the market and our data-driven approach to this specialty-centric opportunity. We analyzed claims data to narrow down our top physician targets and size our field teams. Let me walk you through that once again. We started with claims associated with brain tumors and treatment. Within these, we looked at those with hypothalamic dysfunction and also obesity. And lastly, within these, we look to patient visits with an endocrinologist within the past 18 months. This claims analysis allowed us to identify approximately 5,000 endocrinologists who potentially have 1 patient or more with hypothalamic obesity under their care. From these 5,000 endocrinologists, we narrowed our initial focus to 2,400 top-tier physician targets who we believe manage a higher volume of patients.

Next slide. Throughout this year, our teams have focused on profiling our top targets. Their profiling activity to date has resulted in the identification of more than 2,000 potential patients suspected to have HO or formally diagnosed to have HO. We are still early in the process of profiling identified physicians and our expanded sales organization is now on ground, focused on further penetrating these top-tier targets to identify more potential patients with acquired aspislamic obesity.

Next slide. Our teams are in place and as we expanded our organization to support the upcoming launch. Our access team is engaging with payers to educate them on acquired HO and setmelanotide data through pre-approval information exchange presentations to support reimbursement once approved. Our territory managers are in the field engaging with the physician community to increase disease awareness. And once IMCIVREE is approved an acquired HO, they will educate on IMCIVREE's efficacy and safety data to support prescriptions.

Our patient service team will engage with patients and their families to educate them on the disease to help them navigate insurance coverage once prescribed IMCIVREE and provide support to help guide treatment expectations and keep them on treatment long term. It's certainly an exciting time with a strong foundation in place with many learnings on the needs of patients and their providers, a clear strategy and experienced teams in place, we are ready to go, pending approval on December 20.

With that, let me hand it over to Yann.

Thank you, Jennifer. I begin on Slide 16. We saw continued success with our international business during the third quarter as IMCIVREE is now available for BBS and/or POMC/LEPR deficiencies in more than 25 countries outside the United States. And the number of patients with BBS POMC/LEPR deficiencies or hypothalamic obesity on IMCIVREE continues to grow in the international region.

During the third quarter, we reached an agreement with the French Economic Committee for Health Products on reimbursement pricing for IMCIVREE for BBS and POMC/LEPR. We are pleased with the result of the negotiations as the negotiated price is in line with rare disease pricing and also reflects the therapeutic benefit patients receive from with IMCIVREE. We remain very encouraged by our reimbursed early access programs for HO in France and Italy both granted based on our Phase II data, which is very uncommon. The growth of these programs illustrates the important unmet need and setmenotide's potential to provide these patients with significant therapeutic benefit.

And in parallel, named patient sales continue to provide access to patients in several additional countries outside the EU4 and the U.K. For example, just recently, we achieved our first commercial patient in Argentina through a named patient sales. Our team continues to execute and remains committed to expanding market access for patients in addressing the unmet need to treat these rare MC4R pathway diseases throughout the international region, establishing foundational relationships with expert physicians and local authorities built on patients benefiting from IMCIVREE. This will help us to be successful as we prepare the next freedom chapter for the international region.

Next slide. The next chapter is our international launches in hypothalamic obesity. The global unmet need for HO treatment is high as demonstrated by the growth in our early access programs in France and Italy. During the third quarter, we completed the EMA submission to expand the marketing authorization for IMCIVREE to include acquired HO. The EMA has a set calendar to review such submissions. And if that time frame holds and the review is positive, we anticipate a CHMP opinion and the EU marketing authorization in the second half of 2026.

Establishing reimbursement for acquired HO in Europe country by country will take time. Germany will be the first country where we would launch. But as we did for POMC/LEPR and BBS, we will seek an exemption from the German Federal Joint Committee an exclusion list that prohibits reimbursement for lifestyle drugs, such as drugs designed to treat hair loss, smoking cessation and general obesity. This process is necessary in order to secure federal reimbursement.

We are confident we can have the same success we had with POMC/LEPR and BBS as IMCIVREE was the first-ever precision medicine to be exempted and therefore, reimbursed. We believe the same approach should hold for acquired HO and that is demonstrating acquired HO clearly is a rare disease that is distinct from general obesity. So we are hopeful for a similar outcome.

At the same time, we will engage in access and reimbursement negotiations in the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and other countries. Taken together in these countries, we estimate the prevalence of acquired HO in Europe to be approximately 10,000 patients, making Europe a meaningful market for us.

Moving to Slide 18. Japan will also be a very important market for us with an estimated prevalence between 5,000 and 8,000 patients, which is 2 to 3x greater per capita than Europe and the United States. We have started to build out a strong local team with a focus on regulatory, quality, CMC, medical affairs, market access and marketing. We have now established a strong leadership team in Japan, and we have already 14 Rhythm employees in place. Notably, our General Manager, who is already well known to the team here from our time together at Sanofi Genzyme, previously led the highly successful launch of Dupixent in Japan.

As David said, we anticipate top line data from the Phase III cohort of Japanese patients in the first quarter of 2026, which will be followed by submission of the Japanese NDA to the PMDA. Typically, regulatory review in Japan is approximately 9 months. These ex- U.S. time lines point to launches potentially during 2027.

With that, I will turn the call over to Hunter.

Thank you, Yann. Before discussing the specifics of the quarter, let me reemphasize the message of financial strength delivered during our last quarterly call. As we raised approximately $189.2 million in net proceeds from a follow-on equity offering completed early in Q3, we ended the third quarter with $416.1 million in cash on hand. This cash in conjunction with projected revenue from anticipated global sales of IMCIVREE for currently approved indications and including HO pending FDA approval as well as planned R&D and SG&A spending provides us with at least 24 months of runway. Rhythm's balance sheet is as strong as it's ever been.

Now looking at Slide 20 and the revenue dynamics during the quarter. Global revenue for the third quarter was $51.3 million, a sequential 6% increase from $48.5 million for the second quarter of 2025. The number of patients on reimbursed therapy increased by 10% globally during the quarter. $38.2 million or 74% of Q3 net revenue was generated in the United States and $13.1 million or 26% of total revenue was generated outside the United States.

The U.S. delivered another solid quarter, buoyed by a high single-digit percentage increase in the number of reimbursed patients on therapy. Approximately $3.7 million of the quarter-over-quarter increase in revenue was driven by an increase in IMCIVREE dispensed to patients, a good indication of fundamental growth in demand. As we've seen in prior quarters, there was also an inventory effect Q2 into Q3 with increases in inventory at our specialty pharmacy driving $2.5 million of the sequential variance in quarterly sales. The quarter ended on a Tuesday, the day that our specialty pharmacy takes delivery of product, with the result that their inventory days on hand increased from just under 10 days at the end of Q2 to approximately 16 days at the end of Q3.

Outside the U.S., quarter-over-quarter revenue decreased by $3.4 million. Patients on reimbursed therapy increased at a low double-digit percentage during the quarter, indicating continued solid fundamental growth in demand for IMCIVREE. In France, as Jan mentioned, we agreed to a final reimbursement for IMCIVRE for POMC/LEPR and BBS. Since 2022, we have been accruing revenue under the French early access programs and provisioning for this eventual agreement.

Based on this agreement, we recorded a onetime $3.2 million charge during the quarter -- third quarter of 2025 to account for the difference between what has been accrued to date and what is owed. Of the $3.2 million, approximately $0.6 million was related to revenue booked in Q3 '25 and $1.5 million was related to year-to-date 2025, with the balance related to periods prior to 2025. Excluding this impact, international revenue was affected by variability in ordering patterns for named patient sales in certain distributor markets.

On Slide 21 is the financial snapshot. In the year-over-year comparison to Q3 2024, the net product revenues increased $18 million or 54% and gross to net for U.S. sales was 84%, generally in line with gross to net percentages we've shown in previous quarters. Cost of goods sold this quarter was 10.7% of product revenue, which is mostly attributable to cost of materials and our royalty payment on setmelanotide to Ipsen. We generally expect cost of goods sold to be between 10% and 12% of net product revenue with variation due to how our inventory balances are changing and the corresponding capitalization of labor and overhead costs.

R&D expenses were $46 million for Q3 compared to $37.9 million in the same quarter last year. Sequentially, R&D expenses increased $3.7 million or approximately 9% over Q2 2025. This increase was primarily due to chemistry, manufacturing and controls or CMC work related to improving the formulation of bivamelagon and development of an auto-injector for RM-718 as well as increased headcount and stock comp expense. Year-over-year increased spending was partially offset by a reduction in clinical trial costs.

SG&A expenses were $52.4 million for Q3 2025 as compared to $35.4 million in Q2 last year. Sequentially, SG&A expenses increased by $6.5 million or approximately 14% compared to Q2 2025. Increased SG&A spend from Q2 to Q3 was due to increased headcount costs and marketing costs associated with the upcoming launch in acquired hypothalamic obesity.

For the third quarter of 2025, the weighted average common shares outstanding were 66.3 million. The increase in Q3 was mostly due to the equity offering when we issued nearly 2.4 million shares as well as the exercise of previously issued stock options. Cash used in operations was approximately $27 million during the third quarter. Our GAAP EPS for the third quarter of 2025 was a net loss per basic and diluted share of $0.82, including $0.02 per share from accrued dividends on convertible preferred stock of $1.4 million. We ended the third quarter with approximately $416 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, which, again, we expect to be sufficient to fund planned operations for at least 24 months.

Lastly for me, on Slide 22, there is further detail on our operating expenses for the third quarter and updated full year operating expense guidance. For the third quarter, operating expenses of $98.5 million include a total of $18.8 million in stock-based compensation. For fiscal year 2025, we are tightening our full year guidance and shifting the mix between R&D and SG&A expenses given the resources we have committed to be ready for the anticipated launch of IMCIVREE acquired HO later this quarter.

We anticipate approximately $295 million to $315 million in non-GAAP operating expenses comprised of non-GAAP R&D expenses of $150 million to $165 million and non-GAAP SG&A expenses of $145 million to $150 million.

With that, I'll turn the call back over to David.

Thank you, Hunter. And with that, we'll go to Q&A.

[Operator Instructions] We will take our first question, and the question comes from the line of Mike Ulz from Morgan Stanley.

Congratulations on all the progress. Maybe just one quick one on bVomeEalon. If you can share your latest thinking on the trial design for your Phase III HO study. And just curious if you received any initial feedback yet from the FDA there.

Yes. At this point, we've run many trials in this MC4R pathway area. Vivo will be -- the HO trial will be similar, and we'll obviously mimic what we did in the HO trial. So our expectation at this point is it will be a double-blind randomized controlled trial. We will have a discussion with the regulators around the duration of the double-blind period. Our expectation is that in some form, they will want a full year of data. This is a new chemical entity and MC. So again, whether we would provide that 6 months of double-blind plus an additional 6 enroll open label will be better the kinds of questions we'll bring forward to regulators.

But in terms of primary endpoints and the like, again, we will be a percent BMI change, and we'll be enrolling children and adults in the trial. And then in terms of regulators, so we anticipate at this point, our expected Phase II, post-Phase II meeting with the FDA when we would get this feedback is likely to be in the first quarter next year.

The next question comes from the line of Phil Nadeau from TD Cowen.

On the progress. Our question is to dive into the PWS efficacy endpoints a bit further to understand what you need to see to advance IMCIVREE forward in PWS. So in terms of weight, you suggested something that suggests 5% weight loss at 1 year. Can you give us more of a sense of what that is? Is that 2.5% at 26 weeks? Or is there a different way to think about it? And then in terms of hyperphagia, a similar question. You said it's going to be hard to interpret, but nonetheless, hyperphagia is a major determinant of quality of life in Prader-Willi. So is there any level of hyperphagia change that would be proof of concept and warrant further development?

Yes. Yes. No, and I'll just pre saying. I know there's going to be a lot of questions on Prader-Willi. I'll do the best, but needless to say, I won't have a lot more to add to the color we provided previously. But your question on what constitutes success and how will we interpret it. We talked -- our goal is to get 10 to 20 patients on treatment for 6 months. We'll have some part of that cohort available by the end of the year. Obviously, a very small data set. We'll present patient-by-patient data the way we've done in the past, so you can all see exactly what we're looking at. It's not a mean number again, we highlighted that for the BIVA data. It's going to be very much looking patient by patient. And if patients seem to do well, what's our best understanding as to why they did well.

And if another patient didn't do well or have the change, is there some other explanation for that. And you take all that into account. So it's going to be a judgment call, Phil, needless to say. And I don't think it will be -- well, let's put it this way. I mean, you can make these judgment calls in these small data sets, but that's how it will be done. It's not a magic number of we got halfway to the 5% at 6 months. I don't expect necessarily that, that's going to be the metric per se. These things don't tend to be linear, but there will be a level of confidence looking at the individual data points that the drug seems to be working and we run a longer -- a larger trial, we'll be able to get to the 5%.

And then just one last thing on the HQCT. Just to remind everybody, our primary endpoint here is BMI percent change. We would not go into a Phase III trial without confidence that, as I just indicated, we could move that BMI. We wouldn't pursue a hyperphagia label only. I know a number of companies are out there, and I'm seeking that approval at this time. However, based on the mechanism of our drug, if we do see BMI percent change, almost by definition, given the biology, we will improve hyperphagia.

Your next question comes from the line of Derek Archila from Wells Fargo.

So first question, just can you discuss some of the drivers behind the changes to the ongoing variability trial for IMCIVREE? It looks like you extended it out to 52 weeks from 26 and what looks like the potential to explore adding sites to the trial? And then the second question, just briefly, can you discuss if you've had any FDA agreements or discussions around the indication statement for HO and whether it could or could not include hyperphagia?

Yes. I'll take the last one first. So on the HO, again, our regulatory interactions have been -- I'd characterize them as routine, which is favorable given a lot of the news certainly in the FDA, but it's been not exactly as we would expect. They come back with specific questions and we answer those. The labeling discussions tend to be late. So with regard to your specific question on indication, we have not entered into that specific dialogue as of this point.

In terms of the updates that a number of you picked up on in clinicaltrials.gov for the grader-Willy Phase II study, that's really housekeeping. So there was 2 issues there we updated on. One is in any trial, rare disease trials, we set the 6 months as the endpoint, meaning that's the point at which we would look at the BMI and make this judgment, so to speak, are you seeing success or not. But allowing patients to continue if they feel like they want to beyond 6 months, we needed to update the trial to allow that to happen as opposed to leaving somebody and just saying, okay, we got to stop the drug now.

And then the second was in terms of adding an additional site, again, that was just in case we needed, working with a single site, Dr. Miller site in Florida, as you know, she's extremely busy. And so that was just in case we couldn't -- as of this point, we haven't opened a second site. We're continuing to work with Dr. Miller and she's doing well there. So nothing to read through.

Your next question comes from the line of Whitney Ijem from CG.

This is Angela on for Whitney. Maybe switching gears a little bit, a question on the HO launch. Any update you can provide around conversations you're having with payers? Should we assume that most or all patients will be on the free drug program until payers start to finalize their policy updates in 3 to 6 months after approval? Or any color you could provide around the gross to net around launch?

Maybe just one comment before I turn it over to Jennifer. So the patients who have been in the trial will stay in the trial. So the clinical trial patients will stay on drug until they get access, but we will not have an early access program specifically. But beyond that, Jennifer, do you want to comment on?

Yes. So we feel very positive just based off of the feedback that we've received just through our discussions with payers as well as the market research that we've conducted, just gaining payer insights overall. I think from a process of reimbursement post approval, it's going to be a similar process just in general as we receive prescriptions. Even if there's not a specific policy in place by the time we receive the script, we still work through the process just in terms of going back to the payer to try to gain access, and we've been able to gain access even prior to that formal policy being in place.

So I don't expect anything to be different. And I don't expect that we have to wait until the actual time of evaluation of this particular drug with that specific payer to actually be able to gain reimbursement and put that patient on commercial therapy.

The question comes from the line of Faisal Khurshid from Leerink Partners.

I wanted to ask about how investors and the Street should be thinking about the launch curve in hypothalamic obesity. I know you guys have put out this kind of -- these metrics of like 2,400 target physicians and 2,000 patients that you believe are kind of your top targets. How should we think about kind of prosecuting that opportunity and like what the shape of the launch curve could look like relative to like Bardet-Biedl or relative to other launches out there like the Prader-Willi launches?

Thanks for the question. I think overall, just in terms of AHO, we have such a solid ground just based off of what we have learned and put in place for the BBS launch, even very specifically, a lot of work just in terms of the payer landscape to have them understand the difference in terms of our patient population and our drug versus general obesity to have that strong foundation in terms of that understanding as we potentially expand to other indications that are rare that also target a similar pathway.

We have the right team in place. We feel very confident holistically just in terms of the ACP targeting that we have and are really pleased with the progress. And as outlined -- we outlined that we had about 2,000 potential patients that were suspected or actually diagnosed at this point of time. I think with that said, the things that are similar just in terms of BBS and any rare disease is that without a therapy available, there really isn't that much incentive to get patients to a diagnosis, and there's not a lot of education to also help in terms of getting patients to that diagnosis. And that is very similar to what we have learned in the HO space.

Although it's easy potentially to identify potential patients with the background that may have HO, those patients have not necessarily gotten to that specific diagnosis. So that's going to take a bit of time, especially as it takes time for these patients to get back to the endocrinologists to be able to see them, have that discussion, get that diagnosis and then post approval, have that discussion about potentially getting on to IMCIVREE. So we're -- we feel very confident just in terms of our ability to execute, but there are different factors that may impact the ramp in terms of launch.

And 2 things I'll just add in complement to what Jennifer just stated. First, the PWS situation is significantly different because many PWS patients are cared for in group homes and dealt with in very specific specialized centers with the result that the opportunity for them to be prescribed in a more bolus-like fashion is greater. So the -- what we -- our research has indicated that the HO patients are more distributed with community and local endocrinologists as opposed to in specialized centers.

And secondly, conversely, versus -- as Jennifer stated, versus BBS with a higher diagnosis rate and the care in a single specialty accounting for much greater patient percentage of the patients, there is more opportunity there in the early days.

Your next question comes from the line of Corinne Johnson from Goldman Sachs.

This is Erik on for Corinne Johnson here. And the question we have is just to double-click a little more on the HO launch that we were just discussing here. How should we think about the process for and the cadence of reimbursement and the anticipated gross to net in HO, spec like relative to BBS. Can you just give us a little more color on that?

You want me to speak to gross to net to start. I think what we anticipate in terms of differences gross to net is -- it's a little hard to say. We've had around a 50-50 Medicare commercial mix for BBS. We don't know how different the HO population will be, but that is the primary driver of our gross to net because we don't rebate in any meaningful way. So it really is just a question of what's the Medicaid share. That, of course, assumes that we still do not have Medicare access. If we are able to get Medicare access, then that GTN mix will shift favorably.

Jennifer, on the process, in terms of the flow here, getting that patient from an initial script to treatment?

Yes. So we're already engaging with payers just in terms of giving them that heads up just in terms of time lines and potential approval within HO. So they at least have that preliminary background in terms of expectations. Once we received an Rx, our teams work to be able to work through that reimbursement process and that particular payer may be more prioritized in terms of our payer-facing team in terms of follow-up to educate them that we did get approval and we did get a script to be able to try to get reimbursement for that patient.

I think like the timing overall in terms of getting specific policies in place, there are specific timings that different payers have in terms of review of drugs. So that policy timing is a bit different and could be delayed depending on the timing of that particular payer and the review of our drug post approval. But similar to BBS, we didn't necessarily have a policy in place before we got reimbursement for that patient. So we're going to be working both of those through.

Yes. Maybe just to close on that, as Jennifer said, it's a huge advantage to this a follow-on indication. So BBS was basically our first time through and people are learning about the drug for the first time. Here, they know the drug and they got to learn an indication. As Jennifer said, that will take some time, particularly with the policies amazing thing that her team has done is policy or no policy, we can get these patients reimbursed.

Your next question comes from the line of Paul Mattis from Stifel.

This is Julian on for Paul. You talked in the past about how some patients in the PWS study may also be on background VCA. Just based on the mechanism, curious on how you see the potential for additive benefit with setmelanotide.

Yes. No, it's a good question. I mean we're interested in learning more there. As you highlighted, patients who are on VCA are allowed as long as they're stable and stable in the judgment of the treating position, in this case, Dr. Miller, stable on their VCA dose, they are allowed in the trial. Mechanistically, how does diazoxide work with hyperphagia, obviously, by definition, their approval has decreased, behaviors may be somewhat better. What circuits are they working on? I think the one thing we're confident of is we're not redundant. They're not working through setmelanotide, MC4R agonist and exactly however diazoxide working are not working through this MC4R pathway exactly.

So there's certainly a possibility for them to be complementary. I think from a side effect profile, there's not overlapping toxicity. So they certainly can be used together with no concerns. So we'll see. Again, we're, like I said, open to learning here, and hopefully, this trial will give us some insight.

Your next question comes from the line of Seamus Fernandez from Guggenheim Securities.

This is Evan Wang on for Seamus Fernandez. Two questions from me. First, on Prader-Willi, just a follow-up on the trial amendment. Curious in terms of the extension out to 52 weeks and the degree of participation anticipated or observed thus far, have there been any dropouts as patients are entering that original 26-week conclusion?

And then on HO, curious about the international launch preparations, particularly in Europe. Just wondering if you could comment on how you're preparing for another launch there given existing approvals in BBS and any kind of major dialogues with major reimbursement authorities?

Yes. So I'll go and then Yann let take the international one. So I'm not going to update exactly where we are in the patients in the trial and who's beyond that. That will all be coming shortly. Again, we're targeting -- it will definitely be in December. And as I said, the goal is to put out what data we have prior to the Christmas break. Yann, do you want to talk about the international launch?

Yes, sure. Thank you for the question. So as I said during my presentation, we expect to launch in Europe across various countries during 2027. I think we will follow almost the launch sequence we had for BBS, we have already started to engage with the payers. So the payers have known us for now many years and they know setmelanotide very well. And they also have a lot of experts that they can reach out to better understand the drug and the disease. So we are really confident with our launch preparation.

And the last thing is maybe in terms of team. The HO patients population is, of course, larger than BBS. So we will add some staff to make sure that we can adequately cover all the HCPs necessary to make the most of this opportunity, but this will come later, and this will follow the launch sequence.

Yes. Thanks, Yann. And I just want to emphasize something Yann just said, which is a really important part of this international equation is these single payer systems, some many of them, they use local experts. And these are all people, as Yann said, we work closely with. Many of them are trial -- have been part of our trials. And so they're not only experts in the disease, they know the drug well, and they've been incredibly helpful in our prior discussions. And as Yann said, we anticipate them being very helpful in the upcoming HO discussions.

Your next question comes from the line of Dennis Ding from Jefferies.

This is George Ban on for Dennis Ding. We had one on the PWS. When you disclose the initial data in December potentially, should we also be expecting a go versus no-go decision in terms of moving into Phase III? Or is there a scenario where you would wait for a longer follow-up before making that decision?

Yes. No, fair question. Yes, definitely, that's a scenario. I mean, I think this is incomplete data, and we might be in a position to make a call depending on how strongly we feel the data signaling or we may indicate that, look, we want to continue to get the full data set, and then we'll come back to you with that final decision. So yes, all options are on the table.

And the final question comes from the line of Raghuram Selvaraju from H.C. Wainwright.

I just wanted to ask about the German observational study findings and how you expect that to potentially percolate into other indications beyond Bardet-Biedl syndrome? And what impact you anticipate this might have on prescribing decisions in those areas?

Yes. Thanks for picking up on that with the question. I think what we found most interesting about that, a, well, it's just interesting in general, right? I mean these livers improved to a remarkable degree in BBS. And as I highlighted in my comments, it didn't seem to tightly correlate with BMI change. And so it raised the possibility. We know there's MC4 receptors in different places. We know MC4R agonism interacts with the autonomic nervous system, the vagus iterates the liver. There are -- they're not MC4 receptors in the liver. There are MC1 receptors in the liver.

So it just -- it's -- as I said, you get a drug approved, KOLs, others start making observations and you begin to learn a lot more. So I think there's a lot -- my point, again, of sharing that was that I think there's a lot more to be learned about this mechanism beyond simply the reduction in hyperphagia and associated increase in energy expenditure and associated BMI weight decrease. So that's it. Like I said, it was -- these are pretty remarkable results, and we thought it was worth highlighting.

We do have a question and the question comes from the line of Jon Wolleben from Citizens.

Just wondering -- and sorry if I missed this earlier, of the 2,000 potential patients, have you been able to identify any more information on them on who may or may not be good candidates for one reason or the other? Or is it simply that you have kind of an identifier through the claims analysis you've done?

So the 2,000 patients are ones that through the discussions of our field organization and just discussions with the physicians, they have outlined that either they have X number of diagnosed HO patients or they have Y number of patients that meet that definition and criteria that they wanted to further evaluate as that patient came through in terms of visiting to get them to an actual diagnosis.

So that process is ongoing, and we're very happy just overall in terms of understanding that there is this addressable opportunity in terms of getting patients to a quicker diagnosis. And there's also an interest from the physician perspective with a lot of aha moments to get patients to this particular diagnosis. So that process is ongoing.

This concludes today's question-and-answer session. I will now hand back to David Meeker for closing remarks.

Okay. Well, thank you again for tuning in this morning. As you've heard and hopefully understood, we're really excited about where we are. We made great progress and set ourselves up for some interesting and pretty important milestones in the fourth quarter and a lot that's going to continue to enroll in 2026. So we look forward to the next update. Thanks all.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.

Good morning, everybody. Happy to be here with Hunter Smith, CFO of Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, who I'm sure many people know well, and I'm sure most folks listening to the Rhythm story well. But maybe we can just have Hunter kick it off, give a quick sort of background update, and then I have a bunch of targeted questions. So Hunter, thanks so much, and take it away, if you don't mind.

Sure, Paul. And thanks to you, and thanks to the Stifel team for hosting us today. This is a very exciting time for Rhythm. There are a couple of pillars to the Rhythm story. I think the first and most fundamental, which everybody is familiar with, is the pending PDUFA in acquired hypothalamic obesity, where we had Phase III data back in the spring that was really aligned with the sort of the high end of people's expectations and our expectations. And I think what's been so profound about the response to IMCIVREE among acquired HO patients has been the fact that the response is both deep and it's quite consistent, certainly the most consistent we've seen in any large study that we've done.

So it's a really exciting time. And last week, we hosted a commercial event to talk about our readiness for the launch that is we hope to embark on once we're approved. And we think we got a good response. There are a lot of investors engaged to learn about how we were preparing and how we're thinking about that market and stuff like that. Second thing is we do have an ongoing sort of an ongoing open-label Phase II study in Prader-Willi syndrome. I know you'll probably have some questions about that, Paul. And we're very excited to learn if we can provide help to that patient population. That is a very difficult disease with a lot of complexity. We think we can address -- we hope we can address some of it and maybe make a difference there. Nothing has worked in terms of delivering weight loss in Prader-Willi syndrome.

And then thirdly, we have essentially the lifecycle management that we've been doing with new next-generation compounds. So we have 2 that are in development in humans. The first is bivamelagon, where in July, we read out Phase II data in acquired hypothalamic obesity, and that data was shown to be comparable to the IMCIVREE data at a similar time point. And then we are in the middle of or in the early stages of a Phase Ic effort in hypothalamic obesity patients for RM-718, which is a weekly injectable therapy. So that the combination of those 2 therapies, which may behave differently, but ultimately, they have a better AE profile than setmelanotide in terms of not delivering hyperpigmentation to the patients. And secondly, they have a patent life out to 2040. And then there's obviously the dosing convenience of not being a daily injectable but being oral or a weekly injector. So a lot going on, and we're very excited to be -- to have the opportunity at this moment.

Yes. Yes. Okay. Great. Thank you, Hunter. Well, I thought your event last week was great. I thought the most -- or I guess I continue to think one of the most interesting things about this market is just how big it is, right, which is always an intriguing question with given rare diseases. You guys are guiding to this 10,000 patient prevalent pool in the U.S. Can you talk about how you've arrived at that number? And how -- to what degree is that number anchored in like the surgical population that you can really sort of, I guess, more easily define versus some of these other populations, right, that I think have been harder to put our finger on.

Sure. And we're going to continue to learn here, and I think that's the nature of rare disease, especially a disease where you are the first therapy to show efficacy in these conditions. So our original estimates of 5,000 to 10,000 patients were anchored in 3 fundamental assumptions. The first was the incidence of craniopharyngioma, hamartoma and astrocytoma. The second was the number of incident patients who developed HO either following the tumor or the surgery to remove the tumor. And the third was overall survival. And I think what we've learned is that the incidence is driven by more heterogeneous diseases, including other tumor types in addition to craniopharyngioma, while craniopharyngioma remain the major drivers. They certainly were the largest in our studies and the largest we've encountered in talking to patients.

And then the second component that we felt was conservative. I mean we essentially took a 20-year overall survival, haircut it by the patients who don't survive and then multiplied the incidence by 20 -- multiplied that reduced incidence by 20. And that is also somewhat conservative. Craniopharyngioma tends to occur in a barbell distribution sort of from the age of 5 to the age of 12 and then separately from the age of 50 to the age of 60 or thereabouts. And there are plenty of patients and there are cohorts that have been measured where there is a 30-year overall survival, it's lower, but it's still reasonable. So that combination has indicated to us that the 5,000 to 10,000 was conservative and at the upper end of the range is a better estimate of what we've learned.

We've also done claims work in the U.S. since then, and we'll maybe talk about that some more, but that claims work was reinforcing to the higher end of that range. So that combination of clinical epi plus claims work was what caused the change.

Do you have a good sense of what percent of these patients are in the offices of physicians you're already talking to on setmelanotide?

So again, we are still learning, but about 25% of our BBS patients in the U.S. appear to have -- or I'm sorry, of the treating physicians for BBS that have written scripts appear to also have HO patients. Now that would be a smaller number of the Tier 1 and Tier 2 physicians, the sort of 2,400 top tier that we're focused on, just because there haven't been as many prescribing physicians for BBS and BBS tends to be more spread out in terms of who's caring for it. Part of the reason for that is they don't necessarily have the hormonal insufficiencies that tend to accompany acquired hypothalamic obesity and therefore, they can be cared for by a nephrologist, they can be cared for by an ophthalmologist or just a GP or an obesity specialist depending.

Right. Right, right. Okay. Okay. So as we just kind of look ahead here, what do you think is like the biggest risk to getting this launch right?

So we think that even though there is typically an association between an event, i.e., either the tumor or the surgery for the tumor and then the condition that results from the tumor, there can be significant lag, significant issues with treatment handoff, particularly when the patient may migrate from a surgery at one institution to ongoing care at a different institution or there's a significant time lag. So the issue is one of -- it's potentially less well diagnosed than we might have thought a couple of years ago. The causes, as I've described, are more heterogeneous.

And so I think our biggest challenge is getting physicians to a differential diagnosis of acquired hypothalamic obesity and therefore, setmelanotide being the right therapy for them. I think we've been able to focus on that pretty quickly. Obviously, there are some physicians who are very tuned into both the disorder and setmelanotide is the appropriate therapy for the disorder, but there are a lot that we have to work on and a lot of disease education and education about the product that we need to do.

And so the 10,000 number, is that just an estimated number? Or is that a number you think is in care and seeing a doctor? Like do you have a...

It's an estimated number. It's an estimated number. I think what we've said is that -- so we've done this claims analysis where you -- there's no ICD-10 code for acquired hypothalamic obesity. So we start to triangulate or essentially do a waterfall -- not a waterfall, a bucket analysis of how we can get to potential patients, and that includes the occurrence of an event within a 10-year time frame, rapid weight gain and/or obesity following that event, evidence of diabetes insipidus or a pituitary insufficiency, hormonal insufficiency associated with acquired HO. And then finally, care and -- ongoing care from an endocrinologist within an 18-month time frame.

That filtering mechanism leads us to a large pool of potential patients. And what we said last week was we've -- through that, we've encountered about 2,000 diagnosed or suspected HO patients at physicians in our top tiers based on that criteria. And that is the group of diagnosed and potential patients that we're focused on for launch.

Yes. Okay. Great. Thanks for reviewing all that with everybody. So as it relates to PWS, we, like I'm sure a number of my peers have hosted KOL calls, and I think there's this general sense of optimism that maybe we'll see something the bar is low. Obviously, we'll see the data that you put out. But one question that came up on this call last week was just the dose that you're pursuing is considerably higher in PWS. And so -- versus HO. So maybe just one, talk about the rationale behind that. And two, what is Rhythm's level of confidence that a higher dose in this population is going to keep a consistent safety profile?

Sure. So maybe I'll take the second part first. We had a -- we developed a weekly formulation of setmelanotide in conjunction with another company. It was a depot formulation that allowed for extended release. And that formulation -- we did a PK/PD study in about 82 obese patients -- general obese patients. And we compared the PK and PD for both that formulation at 10 milligrams, 20 milligrams and 30 milligrams as well as 3, 4 and 5 milligrams for setmelanotide. So that -- the daily setmelanotide. And so we had a number of patients exposed to the 5-milligram dose, and we did not see -- I'm sorry, we saw the types of AEs that were consistent with those at the lower doses of setmelanotide. Very comfortable there.

And I think our -- you may recall, we did an earlier study, which goes back to 2016, I don't think anybody who's currently at the company was at the company at the time. But we did not have a very long dosing window in terms of duration at that point in time. It was a pretty complicated study, and we were looking for a very fast signal. And so we -- the max dose was 2.5 milligrams. I think nobody got really beyond 4 weeks of steady-state dosing on therapy. And so that was not a particularly good study in terms of signal seeking for a disease that we think is -- just frankly, it's a lot more complex, and there's a lot more stuff driving both behavior and obesity than simply nonproduction of POMC or something along those lines. So this is longer duration, higher dose and open label and working with an investigator, Jennifer Miller, who really works very carefully with these patients and knows them very well.

Yes. Yes. I was going to ask a question about that last point. So who -- is there a specific phenotype or even biological makeup of the types of patients that you're enrolling in this study?

No. There's no genetic screening of the patients beyond the PWS diagnosis. They obviously have to have a BMI greater than 30 and the BMI is equivalent if they're a pediatric patient. They're likely to have evidence -- they're likely -- and it's not an entry criteria, but they're very likely to have clinical evidence of hyperphagia that we've seen in our other indications. So yes, that's -- but we are taking the patients that she brings. So...

Makes sense. And this is an open-label study. How does that impact, in your view, like the interpretability of the efficacy data? I mean I know everyone loves to ask rhythm, what's the bar? And it's this whole game and cat and mouse game with companies and what bar are they setting. But just as it relates to seeing a signal that is not just like clinically significant, but also significant in a single-arm trial where you can be confident it's not placebo effect, like what's the conversation inside Rhythm around this issue?

So I think like we've had in other Phase II studies in our history with other rare indications, there has to be enough duration on therapy and enough patients and a representative pool of patients to be able to draw a conclusion that we believe that we could meet a regulatory bar and a substantive bar at 52 weeks on therapy in -- obviously, in a blinded study, which would be required for approval. So we will look at the totality of the evidence. We will look at individual patient by individual patient. I'll give you an obscure example in our 015 study in leptin receptor deficiency. This is going back to 2020 or so, 2019, we had 3 patients who were noncompliant at a single site. And that story was described in our filing document.

They actually had very good responses. They were adolescents, adolescents are notoriously unreliable as we all -- as all of us who are parents know and all of us who have memory of those years know. Anyway, the point being that if there are people who have evidence of response and loss response or there are patients who don't seem to respond at all, understanding the story of the individual patient, the caregiving situation and do we have evidence that there's potential noncompliance or do we have evidence that there isn't -- this patient is a true nonresponder, those will be the types of things we might try to tease out. And if you can get comfortable with some of those things to say there's an outlier here, but we can explain that outlier, that helps give you confidence in the potential opportunity.

I think you guys have said you want to -- your ultimate goal will be at least 5% weight loss at a year because that's been the regulatory standard. And no drugs generate weight loss in PWS. This study is up to 26 weeks, right? Does that mean the 26-week bar is 2.5% if you just linearize it? Or is it more complicated than that?

Yes. I guess I would say it's potentially a little more complicated than that, but we want to see evidence that it's working.

Yes. Okay.

I'm not going to really put a number out there.

I get it. I get it. I get it. And how -- and look, like I think the interesting thing on our KOL call, Hunter, was this feedback that you really don't see weight changes on placebo in this indication. You might even see weight gain. But I think the other view was that the hyperphagia measures are just so much more noisy and confounded. And so how important is corroboration on hyperphagia in the study? And like do you guys feel like hyperphagia is a key part of the TPP here for setmelanotide?

So our general view is if we are not affecting hyperphagia, we are not as likely to be successful on weight. How it manifests itself either in a worst hunger score, the type of scores that we've used for HO and for BBS or how it manifests itself in an HQ-CT is TBD. These are very complex patients. They have a lot of OCD and they may have behavioral actions that are driven as much by OCD as by true hyperphagia. So it's a very complicated patient population to study.

If these data are good, does it make sense to move forward setmelanotide or just move forward in next gen?

I think we would want to do what would get the best outcome for the patients in the most -- in the quickest amount of time. So we have generally been saying all our future studies we will do with one of the next-gen products. But if we can get to market significantly faster with setmelanotide, we would probably do so, but follow it rapidly with development of either bivamelagon or RM-718.

Okay. Okay. Makes sense. Can we talk a little bit about the 718 data readout too, Hunter. So just tee it up for us, like what are the differences between that study and this bivamelagon study that we just saw? And what does that kind of imply for, again, the sort of bar or our ability to compare this early data with setmelanotide and understand that it's just as good of a drug?

Sure. So one crucial difference with BIVA is there is no control arm. This is a signal-seeking study. It's a Phase I part study.

And why do you guys do it this way versus BIVA?

Because the protocol was open, it was just an easy -- it was easy and fast to get it going. But the second thing, and this is important, is the signal in HO with both IMCIVREE and with BIVA has been so early and so consistent that if we're not seeing something similar with RM-718, then we have a lot of work to do. But it won't be as hard to interpret an open-label signal just like it was -- just like the open-label signal with setmelanotide was very indicative of what we ended up seeing in Phase III.

Yes. Yes. Okay. And the timing of that data, Hunter?

It will be next year. I mean we're still enrolling patients.

Okay. Okay. And I guess I forgot to kind of clarify in PWS, right? I mean you guys have said something likely by the end of this year. Like what are you looking for in terms of how many patients you need to get to either 26 weeks or 12 weeks to kind of have critical mass and say, okay, we have confidence this is or isn't real?

Yes. It's a bit like you just need to get enough patients and enough duration to show that you have a signal. And it's hard to put a number on that. I do think given that we will have [indiscernible] patients on as well as patients on monotherapy, it will be useful to have enough of both that you can see if there's a difference, positive or negative. That will be helpful. And then duration, it isn't -- we do want to get enough patients out close to the 26 weeks to be able to see how real the signal is.

Right. Right. Okay. Okay. Do you feel comfortable that if PWS works, you're taking next-gen forward in HO and PWS, maybe you're even doing some of the EMANATE, like are you guys well capitalized to pursue all of this? Or might you need more money? You are.

We are well capitalized for this.

Okay. Okay. Very good. Let's briefly talk about EMANATE, right? We're going to get that data in the first half of next year. Is that right? How would you frame -- we only have a couple of minutes left. How would you frame a home run readout, a good readout that's still meaningful for Rhythm or just kind of what would need to happen for this to be a disappointment that's less meaningful for the company?

So a home run would be a positive statistically significant readout, probably not at the same level as HO. We didn't see that, obviously, in Phase II. So probably not at the same level as HO, but a positive statistically significant readout in 2 or more cohorts. That would be terrific. If we could get 2 cohorts in LEPR, given that it's even just a smaller number of patients, but we think fundamentally that it works, that would be really terrific. I think, obviously, a downside would be for whatever reason, we just don't get enough evidence or it's muddy that nothing -- that no signal is really clear. We've treated enough POMC het patients that, that is sort of the -- that is the one I think we feel that most confidence in. Just adding SH2B1 on top of that would be a really big shift in our genetic opportunity in terms of numbers and in terms of the accessibility of the patients. So I think that would be exciting.

Yes. Yes. Okay. We only have about a minute left. Anything else you want to add or from your perspective is kind of being overlooked or misunderstood about Rhythm today?

No, I'd say, I guess the one thing we've been talking about a little less is just that we have this ongoing cohort in Japan that's starting to wrap up. That's for setmelanotide in acquired hypothalamic obesity. We've been staffing up our Japanese operation for that opportunity to do it ourselves. And we hope to have news about sort of the path forward in terms of regulatory and time frame in the coming months. And Japan is, in many respects, one of the largest ex-U.S. markets in the world, if not the second largest. The regulatory authorities have been extremely supportive of the work we've been doing to treat this disease in Japan.

What's your pricing power in Japan?

There's a list of critical diseases. We think HO will be added to that list, and that will give us a reasonable price and very broad and deep reimbursement.

Okay. Okay. Great. Well, thank you, Hunter. Looking forward to a bunch more news flow from Rhythm. We appreciate you taking the time.

Awesome. Thanks, Paul, and thanks to the rest of the folks at Stifel for giving us this opportunity.

Yes.

See you.

Good morning, everybody. Thank you for joining us today. I'm Dave Connolly, IR here at Rhythm Pharmaceuticals. Before we begin the speaking program, I'll just remind you that this event may include remarks concerning future expectations, plans and prospects, which constitute forward-looking statements.

Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by these forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including those discussed on our most recent annual or quarterly reports on file with the SEC.

In addition, any forward-looking statements represent our views as of today and should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent dates. We specifically disclaim any obligation to update such statements.

Today, we have a brief program, Rhythm's Commercial Readiness for Acquired Hypothalamic Obesity, an event for investors. This morning, we'll hear from Dr. David Meeker, Rhythm's Chairman, CEO and President; and Jennifer Lee, Executive Vice President, North America.

In addition, we have Dr. Ashley Shoemaker, Assistant Professor of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes at Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and Dr. Lewis Blevins, Endocrinologist, Professor of Medicine and Medical Director of the California Center for Pituitary Disorders at UCSF, is joining us virtually.

And then for the agenda today, we'll begin with Dr. Meeker, who will be followed by a short video featuring Carmelo, a high school freshman with acquired hypothalamic obesity and then a moderated panel discussion with Doctors Blevins and Shoemaker, during which we will take a few questions from the audience here in Boston as time allows. Then we'll hear from Jennifer Lee, followed by David Meeker and a second Q&A panel with Jennifer, David, Rhythm's CFO, Hunter Smith; and Dr. Shoemaker.

Now I am pleased to welcome Dr. Meeker to the podium.

Thank you, Dave. I should make one minor correction. I think we just demoted Ashley there, Associate Professor of Medicine.

So thanks for all coming. This is an incredibly exciting moment for Rhythm. We're -- we've known this has been coming for a long time. We have our PDUFA date, as you know, coming up on December 20th, which is right around the corner and getting ready for launch. There's a lot to do. And as you'll hear from Jennifer, her teams have been doing that. We feel really good about where we are.

So I'm just going to provide a few very introductory high-level comments to try to set the stage for what you're going to hear today. One is, as what we all aspire to do in this industry is to address unmet medical needs and HO is a true unmet medical need. There's no approved therapies, and these patients live a really tough life, and you'll hear a lot more about that today.

In a surprising way, as you remember back to when we reported this data in July of 2022, setmelanotide remarkably, and I'll go through the Phase III data briefly, but remarkably seems to be treating a very fundamental defect here. And so based on both Phase II and Phase III, we think we're going into our final regulatory lap here with strong clinical data. And it's a big opportunity.

Rhythm, we've always characterized ourselves as a rare disease company and rare diseases come in many flavors, some small and large. But this is meaningful. It's still ultrarare, if you will, by the numbers. We'll talk about the 5,000 to 10,000 epidemiology we highlighted when we came out, and we'll update that a bit today. But that number of patients in this unmet need does represent a truly transformative opportunity. It's obviously hopefully transformative for the patients. But for a company like Rhythm, it will be transformative.

I'm going to show this cartoon again. You'll see it as long as probably I'm at Rhythm and Rhythm exists. Because it speaks to the fundamental biology. And when you launch a drug, one of the most valuable things you can have is clear understandable biology. It's always a little tougher to launch if your drug is kind of magical. You can report it and if you get an effect and as people say, that's good enough, you don't have to know why it works. But we do know why it works, and that's helpful. And it's going to help, I think, the treating community, the patient community understand why this makes sense.

And if you -- as you remember from this cartoon, the way our physiology works, we eat a meal, got hormone signal to the pancreas and the adipocyte, the adipocyte releases leptin, leptin goes to the brain and it does two things, it does many things, but we use two. One is, it interacts in this arcuate nucleus and activating the POMC neuron side of the equation with the release of alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone, which when that interacts with its receptor, MC4R, you get the signal you're full.

And what's perverse about this is, that signal not only tell the body you're full, it says you have food on board and you can increase your metabolic rate. So your energy expenditure goes up. So in the absence of that signaling, then you don't get the signal you're full. And perversely, your body thinks there's no food on board. So it keeps your energy expenditure low. And so that's where you get the extreme obesity that we see in many examples of MC4R deficiency that we're studying. And this is one of those extreme examples where patients can rapidly gain weight in the absence of that signal.

The other thing leptin does is, it inhibits the appetite stimulating side of the equation, the goody related peptide side, which is as you would want, you'd want to signal you are full and shut down the appetite signaling side, and that a goody-related peptide protein interferes with signaling through the MC4 receptor.

Now in HO, arguably, and we don't have good biologic pathologic data to confirm this, but the injury -- HO occurs due to injury, as I'll show on a slide in a moment. And that injury is not -- it's blunt. And so, it's not like you lose the POMC neuron and preserve probably the good related peptide neuron. So in all probability, we're losing the arcuate nucleus here in those patients who develop HO. So again, very well understood. Fundamental biology, we can feel good about that.

This is a journey. I joined the Board of Rhythm in 2015. Rhythm had been working at this for probably 5-plus years prior to that. I think we fit right in the paradigm of what it takes to develop a drug, 10 to 15 years. And we got our first approval in 2020. As many of you remember, for POMC and lipton receptor biallelic, incredible proof-of-concept, very small opportunity. We didn't put a sales force on the ground.

Followed by European EMEA approval in 2021, and that's been, as you've heard us say many times, I mean a core part of our strategy is we're global. These are healthcare diseases don't tend to follow geographic boundaries. And so we're going to look to address the world as we best we can. We're working our way through that. But Europe, U.K. was an early important next step in that.

So approved in 2021, Bardet-Biedl, the first meaningful step in building our company, because that was a legitimate commercial opportunity, 4,000 to 5,000 patients with BBS in the U.S., similar numbers in Europe. That was approved in 2022.

And then in '24, we extended our indications down to children between the ages of 2 and 6. And this is critical, not because there was a huge number of patients sitting with a diagnosis, although for a genetic disease, there's no reason in a functioning healthcare system, good functioning healthcare system. You shouldn't be able to diagnose these patients earlier.

And in fact, I would argue that the data that we had from that 2- to 6-year-old group was supportive of the idea, not surprisingly, that the earlier you intervene, the better you do, like many things in life, even if you can address the underlying defect if it's been entrenched for a long time, you have a lot of other comorbidities. The ability to get the desired effect may not be the same as when you get in early and you prevent the development of some of those morbidities. And so I think that observation is probably true. I think everything we've seen is consistent with that, and we look forward to trying to help patients get to an earlier diagnosis.

But that's not what we're here to talk about today. We're here to talk about HO. And HO, 2022, we read out the Phase II data. As I said, a bit of a surprise in the sense that it wasn't so clear, it made total sense that injury to that area of the brain might knock out the arcuate and you might lose signaling through the melanocortin-4 pathway, but it wasn't so clear that you would preserve your ability to respond to a medication. It's a question of, do you lose the receptors as well.

And we now know, of course, there's MC4 receptors in other parts of the brain, and maybe you don't hit all the hypothalamus. So there's lots of hypothetical reasons why we're seeing the result we're seeing. But what was most striking about that Phase II data, as we've said many times, is the consistency of response. And I think as a society, we're completely focused on the percent change and the mean percent change. In this setting, we did well on the mean percent change, but what was most striking was literally, if you take this drug, almost all patients have a response. Now that response may be variable, not everybody loses 30%. Some people may be 5%.

But the point is, in a population that gains weight, and I think we've got good evidence that untreated, this patient population continues to gain weight. Anything as a positive change.

So following that, we obviously moved quickly to start our -- the 120 ultimately enrolling 143 patients in our Phase III trial, completed enrollment within a year. I think that's -- as people say, that's a good indicator, again, of unmet need when you can enroll a trial with relative expediency. Very strong and excited about our opportunity in Japan. We think a little -- we were, I think, late getting started there. We didn't have them in the trial initially. We didn't fully appreciate the epidemiology, but I think we've caught up.

And fortunately, the Japan regulatory framework is opening up in Japan, very much wants to make sure the Japanese patients can access drug, new drugs, innovative drugs at the same time as the rest of the world.

And we read the trial out in the spring of this year. I'll show you a little more of that data, 19.8% placebo-adjusted BMI reduction. And in June, we read out our Phase II trial in bivamelagon, and that's a critical piece of this. I mean, setmelanotide, great. I mean, it's a subcu daily injection. It has hyperpigmentation as a side effect of the drug, but it's doing the job.

And in a world that has nothing, I mean, it's an incredibly important advance. We can do better. And I think our next generations are set out to do that. The first readout is, of course, this oral bivamelagon Phase II trial. And what was reassuring about that data, again was, it was highly similar to what we saw with setmelanotide at the same time point in the Phase II and Phase III which just tells what we knew was -- we knew we had a good MC4 agonist. This was the clinical confirmation that it's going to form. We think we have the right doses, and we're getting the right exposures and the like.

And in today's world, not a given what was going to happen in terms of our regulatory review, and we highlighted early on, everything seemed to be working normally. Our regulatory teams we're working with at the FDA seem to be intact. We've worked with the same division from the beginning. These are the same people who reviewed our setmelanotide from our very first indications. And despite many people having left the FDA, we didn't seem to have lost people from our review division. So that was all very reassuring, had a very positive in-person meeting. Again, I highlighted one of the first in-person meetings that had since COVID and that was positive.

So we're moving through. We got the PDUFA date exactly when we predicted and we worked hard to file this and filed it as fast as we can, a huge shout out to the clinical medical teams, regulatory teams who did this. But I'd say, we got it in there, I won't call it record time, but certainly a very competitive time and setting up this PDUFA date for December 20.

So Rhythm is a company in a really good place to launch this. Sometimes you're scrambling to keep up. I think, we're launching this from a position of strength. We have a solid global foundation. We did a simultaneous filing actually almost with filing in both with the FDA and the EMEA almost at the same time.

IMCIVREE is available in more than 25 countries. We've got over 350 employees now in 15 different countries, and we are also available in seven additional countries through distributors.

So this graphic is going more specifically to hypothalamic obesity, and Dr. Shoemaker and Dr. Blevins will help us understand this in greater detail. But our understanding and certainly within Rhythm and my understanding of this is continuing to grow as we learn more about this.

Craniopharyngioma, these benign tumors have been the best recognized cause of HO. And these are, as I said, benign tumors that develop between the pituitary on the bottom and the hypothalamus. They're very close together because they signal to each other. And so, a tumor growing up in that area of the brain, you can imagine either by itself might injure one or both of these areas of the brain and/or the treatment, which you can successfully remove these benign tumors that surgery itself and with the radiation used may also result in the injury.

And so, it's that injury. And again, we look forward to getting a little insight. It looks a little bit like a biologic switch. Not everybody who gets this and we've used the 50%, and we'll test that with the experts in terms of how they see it. But the literature would say, on average, maybe 50% of these patients end up with hypothalamic obesity, but 50% don't. And so you can imagine in a very simple hypothetical way, it's just a function of your damage. If you hit this area, you get it, if you don't, you don't. And as I indicated, we're entering this world with no approved treatments for this.

The burden of HO, and I'll just throw this up again, the short summary of this slide, which has a lot of words on it is, this is an incredibly complicated disease. This is data from Professor Müller, out of Germany, who spent a lifetime looking at HO, and a true expert. And in his cohort, which is reasonably large, if you get the exact number, his patients had an average 3.7 hospitalizations in the 2 years, 1/4 of those included in ICU admissions. They receive on average 5.5 active prescriptions per quarter, not yearly. The average number of unique medications over 2 years, 22. 12 is the average number of general practitioner visits and 20, the number of specialist visits in the 2 years following the injury or index event. And 89% of patients receiving three or more therapies for neuroendocrine dysfunction.

I'll just tell you anecdotally, when we had our meeting with the FDA, as I was telling Dr. Shoemaker, that's really precious time with the agency. And the first slide we showed them -- I showed them was -- this is their patient medication list. Two pages of medication. And the point being it's, you've got to look at safety and efficacy in the context of this incredibly complicated medical problem, and as we'll hear more, it's interesting, amazing to me, given the complexity of their medical problems, how important HO is in terms of their quality of life.

This is how I think anybody can make a diagnosis of HO. Unfortunately, as you'll hear not everybody has these curves. But if you have these curves, and on the left panel, this is a pediatric patient, the left panel is the height. And as you can see, the height is continuing and the years are on the bottom on the x-axis. And you can see they go out over 16 -- 16 years here, I guess, I can't quite read it.

But height grows normally. It Increases normally. Weight in the middle panel accelerates when they have the event, this idea they leap off the curve and then BMI even more dramatically, because obviously, as we grow, we would normally put on weight, but BMI corrects for that to a certain extent. This patient also -- and we had in the trial, as we've highlighted, 31 patients who had either previously used a GLP-1 or were concurrently on a GLP-1 that was allowed during the trial. I'll show you that data. There's some interesting thoughts about that.

But in general, to the extent patients have a response, it tends not to be durable. That was true of these patients in the trial. And by definition, they couldn't be losing weight. This patient had been exposed previously to a GLP-1, but as you can see, no change, really significant change in their BMI. And then they went on setmelanotide and had a pretty dramatic response.

So the data -- again, I'm not going to belabor this, because you've all seen it, but 16.5% in fact, in the treated arm, really importantly is this idea that the placebo group, there is no placebo effect. These patients do tend to gain weight. This placebo group data was very consistent with a study that Dr. Shoemaker and Dr. Roth had done previously with Exenatide. They had a placebo group of 20 patients was identical in terms of that.

So, I think this is the fundamental problem. You just -- and which is why part of the feedback we got early on, if you could just help these patients stop losing weight, that would be a real advantage here.

Back to my point, this is to highlight 80% of the patients lost 5% or more, 60% lost 10% or more. Again, it's really if you take the medicine and for those 20% that didn't lose 5% or more, we've tried to break that out for you previously. We don't have 100% understanding. But we do for many of these patients. And for many of them, there was a reason why they didn't " have that level of response and compliance " being an obvious example of that.

One of the most striking things for me, and I know this was a question that has come up -- came up earlier on. I think it was helped by the French data when we put that out at TOS a year ago. But we had identical results across the different age groups. So less than 12, 12 to 18, greater than 18, they all responded similarly. And they all had a different time period out. The oldest person in the trial was 66. That patient responded. So again, it's not -- if you think about this and I want to pressure test this with Dr. Blevins and Dr. Shoemaker, a very simple level, it's hormonal therapy.

And if you have a hormonal deficiency, it kind of doesn't matter if you're young or old, you're going to not function normally until you correct the hormonal deficiency. So to the extent we fit with that, this data would be consistent with that.

Hunger, back to the biology. This is the satiety signal and patients, as you can see in red. And that's a very rapid as, again, you would expect physiologically, we eat a meal and we start signaling. We feel that's hungry. You give these patients virtually immediately, they may feel some change, not everybody, but they may. And on average, you can see in these trials, we do have a very rapid effect in terms of the scores and clinically very meaningful here in terms of the reduction.

GLP-1. This is a GLP-1 data. It's -- again, we had 16 patients who had previously been on GLP-1, but were not on. I think it just highlights a group of patients who -- they were seeking to use whatever they can use. Not surprisingly, GLP-1s do get used in this population. That group who was not on it had a similar response 19%, placebo group gained also 5%. Those who continued on a GLP-1, 25%. And of course, this raises the question of did that group actually do better? The trial wasn't designed to say anything about GLP-1s. We didn't even stratify for GLP-1 use. So a bit remarkably, they were pretty balanced 2:1 in terms of the treated and the placebo groups. But 25% is certainly higher than 16%. And at least open the question of did they have an incremental benefit by being on that GLP-1.

And I think one reasonable hypothesis is yes, they were not responding to a GLP-1. However, once their hormonal deficiency was corrected, if that's what we're doing with setmelanotide, then the possibility that they could respond to other pharmacologic interventions might be restored. And in this case, GLP-1 is what we're looking at, but arguably any other anti-obesity medication. So if you needed incremental weight loss, you could imagine that.

However, leading with a GLP-1, by definition, they weren't responding, you've got to correct the underlying physiologic defect. That would be the hypothesis. Safety, again, there was nothing new, and that was very reassuring other than I think we were working, as I said, in a very complicated medical setting and patients who have a lot going on. So they had a lot of serious adverse events, many of them related to their diabetes insipidus, this vasopressin deficiency state. Very tough to manage.

And again, I think Dr. Shoemaker and Dr. Blevins can speak to that. We had one serious AE which was considered related in a patient with vasopressin insufficiency. And the argument was reasonably that the nausea and vomiting decreased their fluid intake, the challenges for these patients to maintain their fluid intake. So in the setting of not being able to maintain their fluid intake, they develop hyponatremia, needed to be hospitalized, and that was a serious adverse event resolved after 2 days.

And we had one death during the actual trial period. We had additional death, as you know, on the long-term extension. This one death during the trial period was in a patient with well -- had previous seizure disorder, which was not fully controlled coming into the trial. He had a couple of different seizures during the trial and then ended up with tonic seizure status and ultimately died of that.

But overall, and I think, again, this was the reassuring part is the side effects we're seeing are MC4 agonist. When you expose a patient to an MC4 agonist, I think the body doesn't have so many ways that can interpret that response and nausea is one of them. And so nausea, vomiting, in certain cases. But otherwise, nothing particularly new here.

Epidemiology, again, lots of questions about this. We'll continue to have it. And my view about epidemiology and rare diseases is you just learn over time. I mean, you enter a rare disease. The data is invariably poor. There's no reason necessarily aside from a few small number of people who may take an interest who try to figure this out. But often, the motivation to really understand the epidemiology and the information, which feeds that comes once you have a therapy and the like. So we're early in that.

And we started out, as I said, with this 5,000 to 10,000 range, I think as we've highlighted, we had some conservative aspects of that, one of which being the period of time post injury we looked at, which was 20 years. Many of these patients live a normal, relatively normal life longer, and so you can play around with models and that gets you to higher numbers.

The other thing, and Jennifer will obviously speak to the experience that we are learning in the field, but we've started to do some claims analysis and we have boots on the ground. We have people talking to physicians and their specific practices and you learn more of that. So we're now going to lock in the higher end of the range, as we said, which is I think 10,000 is a very comfortable number. I remind you back to BBS. We started out with 2,500, 3,000. And I think over time, we got more comfortable with the 4,000 to 5,000. This is the same evolution. And I think we feel really good about that 10,000 number.

Nothing new here in the Japan and an estimated incidence across multiple tumor types here for the U.S. and Europe, that's individually of approximately 500 cases per year.

So with that, I think we're going to play a video now of Karmelo, which will hopefully set the stage for more discussion about the disease.

[Presentation]

So I think, let's see if we can get Dr. Blevins on, and we'll set up some chairs here. Dr. Blevins? Can you see us?

I can see you fine.

Beautiful.

I can hear you well also.

Okay. Excellent. Well, thank you for joining us.

It's my pleasure.

So I think, what we'll -- as Dave said, we'll start out. We'll ask a bunch of questions and get a bit of a discussion going and we will open it up to all of you present in the room, I realize we can't do it for those of you online. But for those of you in the room, we're happy to take some questions here for the end of this.

So maybe we can start out by Dr. Shoemaker, if you want to just introduce yourself a little bit on your background, the practice, kind of patients you see; and then, Dr. Blevins will go to you.

Sure. So I'm a pediatric endocrinologist. I'm a physician scientist, so I spend the majority of my time conducting clinical research. If you go way back, I actually started in the lab of Roger Cone, who found the MC4 receptor and when I was a fellow, I was doing preclinical work with setmelanotide. So from the beginning.

And my research program focuses on anything that disrupts how the brain controls energy balance. So really trying to understand both the pathophysiology of these diseases, genetic diseases, acquired hypothalamic obesity. And then the goal was always to start finding targeted therapeutics that actually could treat these patients.

So, I see a lot of patients with rare genetic disorders as well as general endocrinology and diabetes patients. And it's exciting to have seen a lot of progress over the past few decades in obesity management.

And maybe just in terms of HO specifically, how is you organized? How many patients do you see?

Yes. So for HO, we have about 50 patients that we follow and that actually includes adults as well. Mostly because clinical trials, we usually start in adults. So from the beginning, we would be enrolling older patients. So I've got a large cohort of adult patients that we see mostly as part of research studies and then the peds patients that we care for in clinic, even when there isn't a study, but about 50 total that we follow.

Okay. Great. Dr. Blevins, do you want to introduce yourself?