Pinterest Aktie

Hello, everyone. Thank you for joining us, and welcome to Pinterest First Quarter 2026 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] I will now hand the conference over to Andrew Somberg, Vice President of Investor Relations and Treasury. Please go ahead.

Thanks, Andrew. Good afternoon, and thank you for joining our first quarter 2026 earnings call.

Welcome to Pinterest's earnings call for the first quarter ended March 31, 2026. Joining me on today's call are Bill Ready, Pinterest's CEO; and Julia Donnelly, our CFO. The statement we make on this call reflect management's view as of today and will include forward-looking statements. Such statements involve a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially.

We disclaim any obligation to update these statements. For information about assumptions, risks, uncertainties and other factors that could affect our results, please refer to our earnings press releases and the periodic reports we file with the SEC and available on our Investor Relations website at investor.pinterest.com.

During this call, we will present both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of non-GAAP to GAAP measures is included in today's earnings press release and presentation, which are distributed and available to the public through our Investor Relations website. Lastly, all growth rates discussed today are on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise specified.

And now I'll turn the call over to Bill.

Thanks, Andrew. Good afternoon, and thank you for joining our first quarter 2026 earnings call. We entered 2026 focused on delivering the next phase of growth at Pinterest, and our stronger-than-expected first quarter results reflect our early progress. We delivered more than $1 billion in revenue, up 18% year-over-year and grew adjusted EBITDA to more than $207 million.

Pinterest is a destination where our 631 million monthly active users, all of whom are logged in, come to discover what they want and go do it in the real world. That experience is powered by one of the largest image corpuses in the Western world and a powerful proprietary data set. Together, they allow us to solve a problem that text-based general-purpose search was never built for. It's the classic, I'll know it when I see a problem. When a user knows what they want, but cannot quite describe it, an image can do what text cannot. That is where our AI and proprietary taste graph come in.

By understanding not just what a user is searching for today, but who they are and how their interests are evolving, we have made Pinterest a highly personalized AI-powered shopping assistant. The result is more than 80 billion monthly searches on our platform, approximately half of which are commercial in nature and a platform that continues to distinguish itself as both a destination for users and a vital partner for advertisers. That said, we remain clear-eyed about where we are in this journey.

Users are growing and engagement continues to deepen globally and in UCAN, our highest engagement region. Improvements to shopping and actionability are at the heart of those trends. We have also built an ads platform that is delivering performance for advertisers, but we still have more work to do to ensure monetization more fully reflects the strength of that user activity. Our priorities remain clear.

First, continue building a differentiated visual search, discovery and shopping experience to drive sustained momentum with users. Second, keep AI at the core of everything we do from powering our user experiences and ad platform to optimizing our internal operations. And third, accelerate monetization through improved go-to-market and measurement capabilities.

So, our revenue more fully reflects the strength of our engagement. With that context, let me turn to how AI is driving user growth and engagement. 10 straight quarters of double-digit user growth are the direct result of multiyear investments in AI, improving personalization and curation within visual search and discovery. At the center of this is our taste graph, which captures visual intent and curation signal built on hundreds of billions of user interactions over a decade.

Every search, click and save gives our AI more signal about who a user is and what they care about, which allows us to deliver more relevant and personalized experiences across the platform. Higher relevance drives deeper engagement, deeper engagement increases retention and stronger retention brings users back with higher intent.

Powering this flywheel is our deliberate approach to AI at Pinterest. We pair a world-class engineering team with the unique signal from our taste graph to build the models that deliver the best results for our specific use cases. In some cases, that means fit-for-purpose proprietary models that outperform leading third-party alternatives. In others, it means post-training suitable open source models in our own environment within our cloud infrastructure that deliver comparable outcomes to third-party models, but at a fraction of the cost.

Deploying these and other models across our platform have led to meaningful gains in user experience and advertiser performance over the last several years. And with ongoing model improvements, we see significant opportunity ahead to extend these models to more surfaces over time. An example of this is PinRec, our proprietary generative retrieval system, which is trained on user activity and our taste graph.

Rather than building separate models optimized for each surface, PinRec is now a single model that generates personalized results for each user across all surfaces simultaneously, informed by the full depth of what we know about their taste and interest. We initially launched this model on search and related surfaces in 2025 and subsequently extended it in Q1 to serve content globally sitewide.

This launch improved search fulfillment by approximately 180 basis points. It also drove a roughly 180 basis point reduction in CPA and CPC for advertisers. On our search surfaces, where over 72% of our impressions occur today across both visual and text-based searches, we continue to see searches grow as we improve the experience.

In Q1, we updated our proprietary search ranking model, extending user context windows within search by 30-fold, similar to the expansion we previously made to our home feed ranking model. We now use up to 16,000 user actions over a 2-year period to inform the search results shown to each user. This launch improved search fulfillment by approximately 70 basis points and saves by approximately 390 basis points.

Our AI capabilities also extend into creative generation with Canvas, our in-house AI image generation model trained exclusively on Pinterest data. Canvas allows us to build experiences that reflect the high bar for visual quality and aesthetics that users and advertisers expect from Pinterest, while operating at an order of magnitude lower cost than leading third-party models.

It already supports Pinterest Performance+ creative optimization, enabling advertisers to dynamically edit backgrounds and transform basic catalog images into high-performing lifestyle images. With the newest version of the model now supporting real-time high-fidelity image editing, particularly in key verticals, we expect to expand Canvas to enable more creative experiences for users and advertisers in the months ahead.

Our AI investments are also translating into better advertiser performance as Pinterest Performance+, our AI-powered performance ad suite, continues to drive strong results for advertisers. In particular, we are focused on driving adoption of Pinterest Performance+, our automated bundle of bidding, budgeting, targeting and creative features that reduces CPAs and CPCs while requiring half as many inputs to set up as a standard campaign.

As we have said in the past, Pinterest Performance+ will be a multiyear customer adoption and product cycle. Just over a year-end, approximately 30% of lower funnel revenue is now running through Pinterest Performance+ campaigns, but we are still early in capturing the full opportunity as adoption continues to expand and we continue to build out functionality of the suite.

Advertisers using Pinterest Performance+ campaigns continue to see higher ROAS and improvements in CPA and CPC compared with business-as-usual campaigns. And importantly, in Q1, adopters of Pinterest Performance+ campaigns grew their lower funnel spend nearly twice the rate of non-adopters. We are now making it easier for advertisers to validate that performance using the metrics they value most.

In Q1, we launched a native A/B testing tool in beta directly in Ads Manager, allowing advertisers to run structured KPI-driven tests comparing Pinterest Performance+ campaigns to their existing ones. And we are starting to see strong early results. For example, Mejuri a leading fine jewelry brand, ran a 4-week A/B test comparing a dedicated Pinterest Performance+ campaign to its business-as-usual approach.

The Pinterest Performance+ campaign delivered a 46% increase in ROAS and a 62% increase in conversions, which led Mejuri to adopt Pinterest Performance+ campaigns more broadly. We are also continuously upgrading our core ads models. In Q1, we unified and retrained our shopping ROAS models to better predict and optimize for advertiser return on ad spend across multiple stages of our ad stack.

In experimentation, these improvements drove ROAS gains of up to 11% and are an indication of what continued investment in our ads platform can unlock. As our ads platform gets better at driving outcomes, the next priority is ensuring advertisers can fully see and attribute the value we are generating for them. That means capturing more of the actions Pinterest drives and connecting that data more directly to the measurement tools and bidding systems advertisers use to evaluate and optimize their spend.

For our largest and most sophisticated advertisers, we are continuing to pilot integrations with their proprietary in-house measurement systems, which enables our bidding systems to respond dynamically to their specific definition of a successful outcome, whether that is customer lifetime value, profit per order or something else entirely.

In early testing with one advertiser that prioritizes lifetime value, the advertiser cited a 15% to 20% improvement in lifetime value ROAS. These and other bidding optimizations helped drive stronger performance in Q1, and we were encouraged to see some advertisers lean in further over the course of the quarter. We plan to expand this pilot to additional large sophisticated advertisers later this year.

We also expect to deepen integrations with key third-party measurement partners later this year, giving a broader set of advertisers both the attribution clarity to see what Pinterest is driving and the bidding tools to act on those insights at scale. Whether an advertiser uses a first-party measurement system or a third-party partner, our goal is the same, to help them better understand the full value Pinterest is driving while also helping us optimize our AI bidding systems toward the outcomes that matter most to them.

And as we deepen our performance and measurement capabilities on Pinterest, we are also extending that performance to the biggest screen in the home through our acquisition of tvScientific, which closed in Q1. With tvScientific, we're unlocking the ability to extend Pinterest's unique consumer intent signal and audiences beyond our owned and operated properties to power high-performing CTV campaigns. We have already begun integrating Pinterest audiences and signals with tvScientific's algorithms via tvScientific's buying platform.

The early results are encouraging. One early partner, a leading home furnishings omnichannel retailer, saw a nearly 190% increase in incremental audience reach and a 159% increase in incremental sales after leveraging Pinterest audience data in its CTV campaigns. These are early days, but they demonstrate what becomes possible when Pinterest's deep understanding of consumer intent meets the scale and reach of connected TV.

Over time, we expect to integrate TV scientific capabilities directly into Pinterest Performance+, turning Pinterest into a full funnel search, social and CTV performance solution that should open larger and incremental budget pools. As part of our efforts to accelerate the monetization of our platform, I will now turn to how we are strengthening our global sales and go-to-market organization.

Since joining as our Chief Business Officer earlier this year, Lee Brown has been focused on making our monetization motion more durable and scalable, so we are better positioned to capture the opportunity ahead. He is moving with urgency and has already begun making key changes, particularly in leadership across parts of our international and go-to-market organizations and how we drive accountability across the sales force and an accelerating adoption of internal AI tooling.

For example, we have sharpened our coverage model to position sellers closer to the clients they serve with higher expectations for how they engage, and we are evolving our sales incentive structures to drive more accountability and give a sharper insight into execution across the organization. We are also incorporating internal AI adoption and advertiser conversion signal quality into how we measure performance.

Our performance and measurement sales specialists, the technical sales teams supporting performance and measurement solutions will soon have product activation and customer engagement targets. And we have rolled out a globally consistent merchant playbook, giving our teams a standardized, scalable way to bring Pinterest best practices to market across every region.

Looking forward, our ongoing go-to-market work is organized around 3 broader themes. First, broadening our revenue base. During our last earnings call, I noted that we were seeing pressure from our largest retail advertisers. While it was encouraging to see that dynamic improve in Q1 relative to our expectations, as Julia will describe a bit later, our conviction around broadening our revenue base has not changed. We continue to see meaningful upside over time by expanding our footprint across mid-market, enterprise, managed SMB and international advertisers.

Second, increasing the consistency of our global go-to-market execution. We have evolved from a primarily upper funnel sales force into a more full funnel and performance organization. The changes I just described are designed to translate that more reliably into advertiser outcomes and revenue at scale.

Third, strengthening our measurement foundation. As measurement becomes an increasingly important part of performance selling, we are leveling up our technical expertise to ensure advertisers adopt our measurement solutions and can better understand the full value we are driving. As we said last quarter, some of these changes will take a couple of quarters to fully play through and progress may not be perfectly linear, but we believe these changes are critical to broaden our revenue base and position us to execute more consistently against the large opportunity ahead.

Ultimately, the reason we have conviction in this work is because Pinterest is doing something different, and that difference matters. What sets Pinterest apart is not just that we help people discover ideas. We help them act on those ideas in the real world. Consider a homeowner renovating their garage who knows they want their space to feel more functional, but may not know where to start.

On Pinterest, they can start with garage organization ideas, visually explore different layouts and styles, identify solutions like peg boards or modular storage and ultimately find and shop the products that bring that vision to life. The same is true for a parent planning a child's first birthday party or a Gen Z user designing a manifestation board.

In each case, Pinterest helps turn inspiration into action. That reflects the kind of experience we have been building for years. We have long focused on creating a more positive platform, one centered on time well spent, not just time spent. That foundation is becoming even more relevant as the broader online ecosystem faces increasing scrutiny around youth mental health, well-being and online safety.

We were the first major online platform to make accounts for users under 16 private only. We have also supported efforts like phone-free schools and App Store age verification while applying AI in ways that prioritize positivity. Our new brand campaign brings that differentiation to life for consumers. Launched earlier this month in the U.S. and U.K., the campaign marks a meaningful step up in how we are showing up in the market. It reaches Gen Z and millennial audiences across television, streaming, cinema, out-of-home and digital channels through the end of the year. The message is simple and true to Pinterest. The best thing you can find online is a reason to live your life offline.

In closing, as AI reshapes how people discover, plan and shop, Pinterest is in a differentiated position. Our taste graph and rich curation signal give us a data foundation that is hard to replicate. We are pairing that foundation with product, measurement and go-to-market improvements to better translate that deep engagement into more durable growth over time.

And importantly, we're doing that in a way that stays true to what makes Pinterest distinct, helping people discover what they want and then go do it in the real world. I'm proud of our team's execution this quarter and excited about the work ahead.

With that, I'll turn the call over to Julia to share more details about our financial performance.

Thanks, Bill, and good afternoon, everyone. Today, I'll be discussing our first quarter 2026 financial results and provide an update on our second quarter 2026 outlook. All financial metrics, except for revenue, will be discussed in non-GAAP terms unless otherwise specified, and all comparisons will be discussed on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise noted.

Q1 was a strong quarter. We delivered over $1 billion in revenue for the third consecutive quarter, growing 18% year-over-year and above the high end of our guidance range. Stepping back, we remain in the early stages of fully monetizing the engagement and commercial intent on our platform. As Bill discussed, improving the consistency of our go-to-market execution and strengthening our measurement foundation are central to that opportunity.

While these changes will take time to fully play out, we believe the progress we are making across the business and the outcomes from our AI investments will lead to durable growth over time. Year-to-date through today, we repurchased roughly $2 billion of stock or 109 million shares at a weighted average price of approximately $18, reflecting our confidence in the long-term value of the business.

Funded with $1 billion convertible note and cash on hand, this $2 billion stock repurchase has resulted in an approximately 16% reduction in our shares outstanding versus a quarter ago. We now have $2 billion remaining on our new Board-authorized $3.5 billion share repurchase program. We believe these actions reflect both the strength of our business as well as our significant opportunity ahead.

Now I'll turn to more specifics about our first quarter results. We ended the quarter with 631 million global monthly active users, or MAUs, growing 11% and reaching another record high. We continue to demonstrate user growth across all of our geographic regions. In Q1, our U.S. and Canada region had 106 million MAUs growing 4%. Our Europe region had 159 million MAUs, growing 7%.

And in the Rest of World markets, we had 367 million MAUs growing 15%. Shifting to revenue. In Q1, our global revenue was $1.008 billion, up 18% or 15% on a constant currency basis. We saw strength from our conversion and to a lesser extent, our consideration objective. Across verticals, growth was driven by retail, though with puts and takes as well as smaller but faster-growing categories on our platform, including financial services.

As we previewed on the last earnings call, we saw a continued headwind from our largest retailers in Q1. However, AI-driven ad platform improvements, including bidding optimizations for this group, partially offset some of this headwind later in the quarter. Revenue growth, excluding these large retailers, accelerated in Q1 relative to Q4, underscoring the progress we're making to diversify our revenue base.

Turning to our geographical breakouts for Q1. In the U.S. and Canada, we generated $750 million in revenue, growing 13%. Strength came from retail and emerging verticals, including financial services. In Europe, revenue was $186 million, growing 27% on a reported basis or 16% on a constant currency basis. Growth in Europe was driven by retail. Revenue from Rest of World was $72 million, growing 59% on a reported basis or 50% on a constant currency basis.

In Q1, overall ad impressions grew 24%, while ad pricing declined 5% year-over-year. The deceleration in ad impression growth versus recent quarters was primarily driven by lapping the initial ramp of monetization in previously undermonetized markets, including from resellers in Rest of World, which had contributed to outsized impression growth the prior year.

On pricing, the sequential improvement versus recent quarters was driven primarily by a higher relative mix of UCAN ad impressions, which carry higher average pricing overall due to the lower growth of international ad impressions I just mentioned as well as stronger UCAN ad demand.

Moving to expenses. In Q1, cost of revenue was $232 million, up 20% year-over-year and up 5% versus Q4, driven by increased infrastructure spend related to our user and engagement growth. Our non-GAAP operating expense was $574 million, up 16%. The increase was primarily driven by sales and marketing due to headcount investments and marketing expenses as well as R&D to support our AI and product initiatives.

In Q1, we delivered $207 million in adjusted EBITDA above our guidance range with an adjusted EBITDA margin of 20%, up 40 basis points versus Q1 last year. The higher-than-expected adjusted EBITDA was driven by flow-through from higher revenue as well as a reversal from Canada digital services tax following its repeal. We also delivered Q1 free cash flow of $312 million. Consistent with prior years, Q1 is seasonally our strongest quarter of free cash flow conversion due to higher Q1 collections following Q4 peak revenue. We ended the quarter with cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $1.3 billion.

Now I'll discuss our guidance for the second quarter. We expect Q2 revenue to be in the range of $1.133 billion to $1.153 billion, representing 14% to 16% growth year-over-year. Based on current spot rates, our guidance assumes the impact of foreign exchange will be approximately 1 point of tailwind. For Q2, we expect adjusted EBITDA to be in the range of $256 million to $276 million. We anticipate Q2 2026 non-GAAP cost of revenue to grow sequentially from Q1 2026 by mid-single digits percent, partially driven by the full quarter impact from tvScientific and our investment in GPU capacity.

In Q2, our primary area of year-over-year investment within non-GAAP operating expense will continue to be investing in sales and marketing, including in our brand campaign as well as sales headcount. As a reminder, sales and marketing trends tend to be seasonally higher in Q2 than in Q1 due to the timing of certain marketing expenses within the year.

Within R&D, we are continuing to invest in headcount to support our AI and product initiatives. As we're still early in the year, our full year margin outlook is largely unchanged from what we shared last quarter, so I will keep these reminders brief. Starting with cost of revenue. As with Q2, we continue to expect modest headwinds from cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue in 2026 as a result of the investments in areas such as additional GPU capacity as well as the impact from the inclusion of tvScientific.

Importantly, we are already starting to see strong yield from our GPU capacity investments, including the engagement and performance improvements that Bill mentioned earlier. For adjusted EBITDA, we continue to expect full year 2026 margins to come in around 29%, including the approximately 100 basis point drag from tvScientific that we called out previously. We expect adjusted EBITDA margin pressure to moderate in the second half compared to the Q2 adjusted EBITDA margin implied by our guidance range.

In closing, our Q1 results reflect a strong start to the year and the underlying health and relevance of our platform. Our user base is growing. Our AI investments are producing measurable results for users and advertisers and the changes we're making to our go-to-market organization are the right ones for the business long term. Progress may not always be linear, but our direction is clear, and our conviction in our ability to return to our long-term targets and capture the large and growing opportunity ahead remains unchanged.

With that, I'll hand it over to Bill for some final words.

Thanks, Julia. I want to thank our teams at Pinterest, our advertising partners and all the people that come to Pinterest to find inspiration and take action. And with that, we can open up the call for questions.

[Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Doug Anmuth from JPMorgan Chase.

Can you talk more about the drivers of upside in 1Q across the core business, tvScientific and FX and also how you're thinking about 2Q? And do you expect to maintain revenue growth in the mid-teens on an FX-neutral basis in the back half?

Sure. Thanks, Doug. So on Q1, the story of the strong Q1 is really 2 things. First is the continued broadening of our revenue base. And then second, better-than-expected performance from our largest retail advertisers as we continue to drive improvements to the ad platform. In Q1, revenue growth, excluding these large advertisers accelerated relative to Q4 as we continue to make progress diversifying our business across mid-market enterprise, managed SMB and international.

Overall, large retailers remained a headwind to growth, but AI-driven platform improvements, including bidding optimizations we delivered for these advertisers began to offset some of this headwind later in the quarter. We're seeing strong early results there, including our efforts to link our AI bidding systems directly to advertisers' measurement sources of truth, and we plan to scale that pilot to additional large advertisers later this year.

We don't intend to break out tvScientific's revenue contribution specifically going forward. But I will say for Q1, the tvScientific contribution was broadly in line with the updated guidance we gave in mid-February. And looking ahead to Q2, given the change in FX impact in Q2, our guidance for Q2 revenue growth is roughly consistent with Q1 on a constant currency basis. Maybe just to dive in a little bit into some of the color by region.

Starting with UCAN, where we generate roughly 75% of our revenue, we achieved double-digit growth in Q1 in UCAN, and we expect to repeat that in Q2. We're really encouraged by the stability we're seeing in that core market. We believe we're on the right trajectory there. International revenue is a smaller portion of our business, but there are a few factors which we expect to moderate international growth in Q2. We're making deliberate leadership and structural changes to our international go-to-market organization to best position for the long-term opportunity, including a new Head of International joining soon.

As we said last quarter, progress as we rebuild and retool the organization will not always be linear, but that modest disruption is playing out here in our international regions in Q2. And then as a reminder, in Q2, we're also lapping more difficult comparisons in Rest of World and Europe due to the ramping of resellers last year and elevated cross-border spend following the introduction of U.S. tariffs. We're still significantly undermonetized internationally relative to the strength of engagement and commercial intent we see on the platform.

So our long-term conviction in the opportunity in international is unchanged. And we think the changes that we're making now best position us to fully capture that opportunity over time. I think, to your last question on sort of outlook for the rest of the year, we don't guide beyond 1 quarter, of course. But stepping back, I think the plans that we laid out last quarter to return to our mid- to high teens long-term growth targets, they're proceeding well, and we're encouraged by the early progress here in the first half of the year. And the work that we're doing across the business is focused on returning us to consistent delivery of those targets over time.

Your next question comes from the line of Eric Sheridan from Goldman Sachs.

Maybe coming back, Bill, to some of your comments about the hiring of Lee into the role in the organization. Just want to go a little bit deeper in terms of his areas of focus. What signal investors should be taking in terms of what that means for your go-to-market strategy, not only in 2026, but longer term? And how should we be monitoring that in terms of what we'll see showing up in the business in the years ahead?

Thanks for the question, Eric. So first of all, at the platform level, it's really important to remember that today, our user engagement and commercial activity continues to outpace our monetization. So while we've made real progress building a full funnel performance ads platform, the significant opportunity to broaden our revenue base across performance, mid-market, SMB and international is still largely in front of us.

Over the last 3 years, we've gone from primarily selling upper funnel ads to large U.S. CPG and retailers a few years ago to selling full funnel performance solutions across more verticals, more advertiser segments and more geographies than ever before. And as those channels have expanded, they've also introduced a higher level of scale and complexity, and that's exactly what Lee is laser-focused on addressing.

So that scale and complexity, it's a great thing for our business, but clearly a different operating approach for us to go fully pursue that opportunity. So what he's focused on first is bringing more accountability, more consistency, more operational rigor and AI tooling to how we go to market. The through line across everything he's doing is making performance more visible and measurable and making sure we're executing with greater consistency across regions and teams.

Some of the near-term changes I mentioned in my prepared remarks are already underway, including leadership changes across parts of the international and go-to-market organization, accelerating adoption of internal AI tools and sharpening accountability across the sales force. We're also restructuring and reallocating resources so we can move faster in the parts of the market where we see the biggest opportunity, including mid-market, enterprise, SMB and international.

At the same time, we're doubling down on measurement and technical selling capabilities across the organization, and that includes increasing accountability for our technical sales teams by adding product activation and customer engagement targets to how we measure performance. As the industry has advanced on attribution, we know that we need to move faster, and that's an area we're very focused on improving.

So stepping back, I have high confidence in Lee and in the team, and we're already seeing good early progress. The focus now is on building a go-to-market organization that matches the strength of the product foundation that we've spent the last several years putting in place.

Your next question comes from the line of Ross Sandler from Barclays.

Great. Julia, you mentioned that the small and midsized accounts accelerated in the March quarter. Just curious what you're seeing both in that area and with the large accounts since kind of the conflict started and what the early read is on 2Q? And in particular, when do we expect the larger accounts to start to maybe pick up the pace a bit? Any thoughts there?

Yes. Happy to take that one. As we said, in Q1, the large retailers remained a headwind, but we did see some strength there later in the quarter, largely driven to ad platform and product improvements. And then outside of those large retailers, the rest of the business, right, which is all the areas we've been talking about in terms of driving growth in, that accelerated. The rest of the business accelerated in Q1 relative to Q4.

To your question sort of on macro and Middle East, I'd say broadly, the environment that we're seeing in the ad market is relatively consistent from last quarter. Those large retailers do continue to navigate some tariff-related margin pressure, though we're seeing some stability there. And we're continuing to focus on how we grow outside of that business, driven by a lot of the product and go-to-market changes that Bill was just talking about and that Lee is really focused on driving.

We are tracking the conflict in the Middle East, but I'd say the impact we are seeing so far from that conflict is small on a dollar basis based on what we now know. So we see it most directly in our Rest of World region and to a lesser extent, in Europe as well, where it's really isolated to certain verticals impacted by higher oil prices. But this has all been factored in as we thought about our Q2 guidance range.

Your next question comes from the line of Rich Greenfield from LightShed Partners. Rich Greenfield, if you could double check that your line is unmuted. Let's move on to our next question, which comes from the line of Colin Sebastian from Baird.

Maybe as a follow-up to Ross's question regarding the efforts to diversify the advertiser base, Performance+, now running at approximately 30% of lower funnel revenue. I guess what adoption trends are you seeing within the mid-market and SMB segments? And related to that, given that Performance+ adopters are growing their spend at, I think, twice the rate of nonadopters, how are you leveraging tools like Canvas and PinRec to lower those barriers for smaller advertisers?

Thanks for the question, Colin. So as I noted, we're really encouraged by the progress in Q1. Our business accelerated in the quarter, and that acceleration was driven by growth outside of our largest retailers. So the diversification we've talked about, we feel really good about the progress we're making there. On SMB, to be very clear, we're referring to advertisers with tens of millions to $100 million of GMV, not really the long tail of mom-and-pop advertisers.

It's also important to remember that Pinterest Performance+ only reached general availability approximately a year ago. For the first time, we have a product built to serve smaller advertisers that don't have the time, resources or expertise to manage campaigns across multiple platforms. And we're only about a year into that journey, which we expect to be a multiyear cycle, just as it was for the larger platforms when they deployed their AI-driven automation suites.

So early adoption is encouraging. The 30% of our lower funnel revenue that's now running through Performance+ campaigns, we feel good about that. But obviously, that's still early in the journey of capturing the full opportunity, both in terms of driving continued adoption because there's significant room to grow the adoption, but also because we continue to roll out meaningful performance improvements, a few of which I noted in the call, but we see much more opportunity for that to continue. And we're adding more functionality across bidding, targeting, creative and measurement over time.

And a lot of that on our in-house capabilities, our taste graph, things that we think we're really uniquely positioned to do and demonstrating that. I'd also mention that mid-market enterprise and international are also still relatively early opportunities for us. So we made a good start in both areas last year. And now we're focused on building the teams, processes and the go-to-market motions required to serve a much broader set of advertisers at scale. As I commented on a bit before, that takes a different level of operational rigor than serving a smaller group of large retailers, and that's exactly what Lee is focused on building there.

So we feel good about the early progress there. But we still have a lot more to go there, a lot more of that opportunity is in front of us. So we still very much believe that SMB, along with mid-market and international can become a meaningfully larger part of our business over time. And we have the product and tooling able to do that. We're building out the go-to-market to do that, but much more build still in front of us to fully capture that opportunity, but we're encouraged by the early progress. Hopefully, that helps.

Your next question comes from the line of Jason Helfstein from Oppenheimer.

I'll ask a high level then a quick margin question. How are you viewing the impact from AI chatbots with respect to the competitive landscape and emerging visual discovery? And just second, I know you're not guiding for next year, but is there any way to think about how we should be thinking about expenses for next year relative to what may be a higher level of investments this year after the headcount reduction?

Thanks for the question. So obviously, nobody can perfectly predict the future, but we're actually several years into a massive AI adoption cycle. And that means that we can really learn a lot from what people are already doing given we're several years into the AI adoption cycle. So I would start first -- in answering your question, I would start with what we can see and what our users are telling us through their actions already.

And it's important to note that at the same time, chatbots have grown in popularity over the last few years, we've put up 10 straight quarters of double-digit user growth and deepening engagement per user. Users, including Gen Z, they're engaging with chatbots and Pinterest at the same time, but for very different things. So of Pinterest's more than 80 billion monthly searches, half are commercial in nature, whereas ChatGPT's own data says that only 2% of their prompts are commercial.

You're seeing specialization versus generalization play out among the AI models on enterprise versus consumer. But consumer search has historically had significant generalization versus specialization split as well. And we believe we have clearly carved out a unique and specialized use case on visual search and shopping, again, as evidenced by the fact that many, if not most of our users have interacted with AI chatbots, but yet are deepening their engagement with Pinterest.

And that's really because the users come to Pinterest leaned in with intent. And Pinterest offers something that the other platforms aren't built to solve, which is visual search and discovery. We surface relevant personalized recommendations before the user even knows how to ask what they want. And we connect that to real products that they can act on. So we're solving the -- I'll know it when I see a problem, which is such a significant component of so many consumer shopping journeys.

And again, we're seeing this dynamic play out right now even amongst the largest players where it's clear that focus has been more successful than others who try to be all things to all people all at once. So Pinterest is a specialized platform, and that's a position of strength. It's very hard to be a text-based general-purpose search platform and simultaneously deliver the depth of visual discovery and taste-based personalization that Pinterest offers and specialization is where we believe we can win.

And in comparison, general purpose chatbot platforms start with a blank screen and a command line interface and the user has to know what the type, which is a meaningful barrier for discovery and planning use cases because often the user doesn't yet have the words for what they're looking for. And when these platforms generate an image, there's often no path to a real product, brand or purchase versus Pinterest on that -- on Pinterest, that same journey centers on shoppable content, product comparisons and real purchase paths, particularly in a primarily visual nature.

And on Agentic commerce more broadly, you've also seen meaningful strategic pivots from some of the platforms that were most aggressively pursuing that space. That validates our view that the barriers of progress in Agentic were likely not technical, but around user behavior and ecosystem incentives, and we've been clear about partnering with advertisers and not disintermediating their relationship with customers. So I hope that helps to give a little more color, and I'll give it to Julia on the second part of your question.

Yes. So I think it's obviously too early to talk about sort of 2027 margins specifically. However, I will reiterate what we said on the last call about the long-term targets of 30% to 34% adjusted EBITDA margin still being the right ones and still be the ones we're shooting for here in the medium term. Obviously, we laid out those targets at the very end of 2023. We made very quick and rapid progress towards those targets.

This year, we're aiming for 29%, partially because we're including tvScientific. But if you exclude that, we're basically flat year-over-year. But I still think those 30% to 34% targets are the right ones to be focused on, and we'll have more to say specifically on the exact trajectory for 2027 as we get later into this year.

Your next question comes from the line of Justin Patterson from KeyBanc.

Great. Bill, I wanted to touch on your deepening engagement points a little bit more. What do you see as the core levers to continue doing that? And given UCAN is a more established market, how much more runway do you have to drive further engagement growth here?

Thanks, Justin. While we don't comment on or validate third-party data, our user and engagement strength continues to be one of the real highlights of the transformation we've driven over the last few years. It's 11 straight quarters of record high users. And it's important to note that 100% of our reported users are logged in and 85% come directly to our mobile app, making Pinterest a clear destination app.

We've also had 10 straight quarters of double-digit user growth. As I mentioned before, we see it as having effectively turned Pinterest into an AI-powered shopping assistant that operates in a primarily visual manner, which is consistent with large portions of how people actually shop. In terms of how we're deepening the engagement, we're deepening engagement in the areas that matter most globally and in UCAN, searches and outbound clicks are both growing. And of our more than 80 billion monthly searches, half are commercial in nature, which is a much more significant skew toward commerciality than you'd see in general search elsewhere or in chatbots.

We've also talked about how we're winning with Gen Z, over 50% of our platform and our fastest-growing cohort with Gen Z. And not only are they coming to Pinterest to shop, but they also value our platform as a more private positive space committed to their well-being. Our intentional choices to prioritize safety and positivity are really resonating with Gen Z specifically as well as other generations that we track.

And we continue to see growth across generations, including with millennials. And I'd just say longer term, at the heart of our engagement strength is how we continue to leverage AI to drive better personalization and relevance. Our ongoing improvements to the platform, including the launches we highlighted this quarter across search ranking, content recommendations and creative generation are all pointing in the same direction, which is a more relevant and personalized experience that gives users more reasons to come back and anticipates what they're looking for next.

And all of that built off of our proprietary signals and that unique curation behavior, which I've talked about consistently since joining Pinterest, that curation behavior that occurs on Pinterest which we see as completely unique in the Western world, gives us a highly differentiated signal that we can use to train AI in ways that others without that signal can't. And that's why Gen Z who are obviously very familiar with chatbots are coming to Pinterest in larger and larger numbers and with increasing depth of engagement per user as they clearly get something very different from Pinterest than they get from chatbots.

One other thing I'd just add on user and engagement trends. I think it's just worth a quick reminder that Q2 is typically our seasonally softer period for quarter-to-quarter sequential user growth, particularly in Europe. We measure monthly active users on a 30-day look back from the last day of the quarter. So as we get into the summer months, users tend to travel and spend more time outside. So we often see a seasonal pattern there in Q2. But overall, as Bill said, we feel really great about where the user engagement trends for the business are heading right now.

Your next question comes from the line of Rich Greenfield from LightShed Partners. Your next question comes from the line of Ron Josey from Citibank.

Two, please. Bill, as part of your -- the sales reorg that we talked about, I believe you talked about having ad sales closer to clients. So I just wanted to talk to us a little bit more about how the sales force is now structured going forward. Are we talking more regional versus vertical? Any insights about go-to-market would be helpful.

And then teeing off on your latest comments there around Personal Assistant and shopping assistance gaining greater adoption. We're seeing consumers do that. But talk to us about how retailers are preparing for this going forward. And as you look out maybe 1 to 3 years and we hear about the personal assistance on Pin, how do you envision that future going forward?

All right. Thanks for the questions, Ron. So on the first one, on the sales reorg, we've had regional focus previously, really around like the segments that report versus UCAN, Europe, rest of world. And so we've had regional focus before. The most notable thing over the last few years, as I mentioned in my prepared remarks, is that a few years ago, we were primarily an upper funnel ads platform that really went to market with a smaller number of large CPG and retailers, both in the U.S. and in Europe and international.

And as we've built a broader set of user engagement that allows us to now engage with a much broader set of advertisers, there are different things required for a very large enterprise versus a mid-market advertiser versus an SMB. And we really just got the ad product that would let us start to go beyond those largest retailers into mid-market and SMB that really went GA approximately a year or so ago.

And so over 2025, we saw good early progress in that, but we also saw that we need to have more specific efforts around those different segments of advertisers. And we need to target our sales and go-to-market approaches differently for a mid-market or SMB than, say, the largest retailers, which is where more of the approach has been focused in the past as well as you can do more and more performance selling, you have more to do around that.

So it's not just about organizing around those customer segments within the regions, but also about more technical selling. We talked about measurement and the things we're doing around measurement and getting more technical sales capabilities around getting the right measurement implementation. As I mentioned, we've more than 5x the number of clicks we send to advertisers over roughly the last 3 years. But obviously, our monetization hasn't increased nearly at that rate, which means there's a lot more monetization or there's a lot more shopping activity that we're driving than what our monetization currently reflects.

And part of that is driving deeper measurement integrations to get credit for that. So that is part of the go-to-market motion and the technical selling capability is a really important addition. So those are some of the things in terms of just going a little bit deeper on the go-to-market there. And then the second part of your question on shopping assistance, and AI, like a few things I'd say, just we launched Pinterest Assistant in beta in Q4 of last year.

And as we continue to have strong user engagement trends, we're really being intentional in taking our time on getting the product market fit right with Pinterest Assistant and incorporating important learnings into our core user experience. I think you've seen some false starts from others in the space that they had to then sort of pare back. And we have such really great commerciality and great traffic that we're driving to advertisers.

We want to make sure we're doing this in a way that deepens the relationship between the user and the advertiser. So as we've been testing over the past couple of months, we've been able to really materially advance the capabilities of the underlying model, powering the Pinterest Assistant due to both advancements in the underlying open source model as well as our ability to post-train that model with our unique data and integrate it into our suite of in-house models that power that Assistant, and so as we bring that to market, we're actually growing our excitement about being able to solve more of the shopping journey, but in a way that more deeply connects the user to the advertiser.

Basically, for our brands and retailers, we want them to gain a customer, not just a transaction. And we've been really successful in doing that over the past few years. And we want to make sure we continue to do that with our assistant, and we're seeing good ability to do that, but more to come in terms of how we'll continue to ramp that over the coming months and quarters.

And then last thing I'd say on this point around the models that it's worth really just commenting a bit on what's happening with these models across the industry. The industry is converging on a conclusion that we reached here at Pinterest relatively early on. The unit economics are relying on large proprietary third-party LLMs does not make sense or may not make sense for many use cases as companies end up paying a significant premium for what might be an overengineered generalized capability that's not necessarily optimized for company-specific problems.

So it's becoming increasingly clear that the narrative that you have to rely on only one of the largest proprietary models to get significant benefits from AI isn't really holding up. Our approach has been deliberate from the start. We build compact fit-for-purpose models trained on our proprietary data for our most unique and core use cases such as visual understanding. And we've seen these consistently produce better results at far lower cost for the majority of what our product does.

And for the more generalized LLM capabilities, we use suitable open source models running in our own cloud environment within our cloud infrastructure, when they're the right tool, and then we post train them on our own proprietary data, and that has multiple advantages. Since it runs in our environment, it's more secure. It has much lower latency. Since it's been able to be trained on our unique data, it delivers better performance than off-the-shelf proprietary models, and it's a fraction of the cost.

And that's all enabled by the unique feedback loop that we get from the curation on our platform. So Pinterest data set is fundamentally different from what these other third-party models have been trained on.

And so as we think about advancing our assistant, taking that combination of our fit-for-purpose in-house models have been so great at visual understanding and driving commerciality and driving great recommendations pairing that with some basic LLM capabilities, but then post-training that in the places that can be helpful to the user, we think that unique combination can really help a lot there, and we can do some differentiated things there.

And the last thing I'll mention is just in terms of the incredibly valuable assets that we have with our data and our taste graph and how much that lets us do unique things with AI, I'd point you to what we're doing with tvScientific. It's a very tangible example of what we can do with that data beyond our Pinterest app where we've been able to achieve a 27% increase in the outcomes and a 65% increase in purchases by leveraging our taste graph on top of tvScientific's algorithms.

So that's one tangible example that we talked about on the call of how we can use our data on top of algorithms to get even better outcomes and part of what we're doing with AI models, generally both what we build in-house and those where we retrain open source models. So I know I expanded on quite a bit there, but hopefully it gives you a sense of how we're thinking about the Assistant and just the advancement of the AI landscape overall.

Your next question comes from the line of Shweta Khajuria from Wolfe Research.

Could you please talk to your view on the evolving regulatory environment and the focus on online safety for younger folks and perhaps the opportunities or risks from the pending and/or proposed regulations?

Thanks for the question. We're seeing a clear trend where parents, policymakers and governments are raising the bar on online safety for young people. And this is a conversation we have long pushed for. We believe social media companies should compete on their safety record, the same way car manufacturers compete on their safety ratings. And we've proven that prioritizing safety and well-being can lead to better business outcomes.

As a specific example, when we made accounts private by default for under 16 in 2023, many people thought it would hurt our relationship with Gen Z. Instead, Gen Z is now our largest and fastest-growing demographic, representing more than 50% of our user base.

And we see that even beyond what's happening from a regulatory perspective, we see that young users are becoming much more keenly aware of the negative effects of traditional social media and are looking to create a healthier social media diet and spend time in places that they know are positive for their well-being.

So in addition to making accounts private by default for users under 16 and private only for users under 16, we've supported phone-free schools and app store age verification, and we apply AI in ways that prioritizes and tunes for positivity. And the response from users reflects that there's a genuine consumer demand for a more positive and safer space online.

And Pinterest has earned that trust by making the right choices over many years. So while neither we nor anybody else can perfectly predict what happens in the regulatory environment, we welcome that conversation. And we've been an active voice in those discussions. And we've seen the policymakers recognize and appreciate the proactive stance that we've taken on these issues. And for the sake of all our young people, we're hoping to see more advancement of that dialogue.

Your final question comes from the line of Brian Nowak from Morgan Stanley.

Maybe just 2. One, on the upside in the first quarter, it sounds like it was driven by some of the attribution improvements from the large advertisers toward the end of the quarter. So the question is as you look into 2Q, are you sort of assuming you see further benefits from that attribution modeling across even more advertisers? Or is that -- would that be a source of upside to even what your base case expectation?

And then secondly, Bill, you have quite a few innovation irons in the fire, I guess. Are there any 1 or 2 that you would point to and say this could be a driver of substantially faster growth in revenue even this year, like this attribution modeling was?

So on the first part of your question on the attribution, like this is not a guidance commentary to be very clear. But as I mentioned in the prepared remarks, it was some of the things that we -- when we talked about these even in Q4 of linking our AI bidding systems to the measurement sources of truth of the advertiser. And by doing that, the AI is able to deliver more and more outcomes that are aligned with the way the advertiser sees value from those outcomes.

And we were in beta with that in Q4. As I mentioned, as we rolled it out in Q1, we're seeing that work well. We have more of that deployment to go. And so we're excited about that. We also think that, as I mentioned a few times, like continuing to deepen our measurement integrations with our partners should allow us to capture much more of the value that we're creating. Again, 5x the number of clicks to advertisers over the last 3 years, but the revenue hasn't increased nearly as much as that.

As you look at what's happening with other platforms, you hear them talking about model conversions. You see them growing revenue faster than the rate of their supply growth and those model conversion, those kinds of things, like some of that means that those platforms are doing a better job of taking credit for clicks and conversions that they may not have driven directly or they were a more tangential part of that.

So we think as we get more deeply integrated into measurement platforms, that gives us an opportunity to get more of our rightful credit for those things. Simultaneously, I would say another positive trend is that as advertisers start to really give more credit to actions beyond just the last click. We have a lot of upper and mid-funnel activity as well. And so as we see that playing out, we think that is generally in the long term, a good thing for our platform, but there's a lot of work to do in terms of getting the measurement integrations not only from the -- getting people to leverage our products, but the sales and go-to-market efforts, which is why we've had the meaningful retooling of our sales and go-to-market.

So hopefully, that helps give a little bit more color as to some of what we're seeing from the products there. And in terms of innovation, one of the things I'd point you to on innovation, I touched on this a little bit, we see and are driving much more commerciality than what we believe we're getting credit for today. And we also think that commerciality can let us that very unique audience and high commercial audience that we have, we think we can drive outcomes well beyond just our O&O property.

So tvScientific, you can think of as the first move in that direction, and we shared some of the stats. We're really excited about how we're moving there. That 27% increase in outcomes and 65% increase in purchases when you brought the Pinterest audience on top of the tvScientific algorithms, we have a lot more to do in CTV.

We're very excited about that. But we also think how can we leverage our audience beyond surfaces beyond just the Pinterest app, we think is a really interesting area of opportunity. And again, connected TV, we're off to a good start, lots more to do, but we think there's more that we can do in terms of the value of that audience more broadly.

Yes. And then maybe just to wrap up, obviously, our plans here are all factored into our Q2 guidance numbers. I think way too early to talk about what's happening in the second half of the year. But certainly, we're feeling really good here about the first half progress against the plans and our goal is to kind of continue hitting consistently our mid- to high teens revenue growth targets, which are our long-term targets.

This concludes our question-and-answer session. I will now turn the call back to Bill Ready for closing remarks.

Thanks again to all of you for joining the call and for your questions. We look forward to keeping this dialogue going, and we hope you enjoy the rest of your day.

This concludes today's call. Thank you for attending. You may now disconnect.

Good evening. Thank you for attending today's Pinterest Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2025 Earnings Call. My name is and I'll be your moderator for today. [Operator Instructions]

I would now like to pass the conference over to Pinterest VP of Investor Relations and Treasurer, Andrew Somberg. Andrew, you may proceed.

Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us. Welcome to Pinterest's Earnings Call for the Fourth Quarter and Full Year ended December 31, 2025. Joining me on today's call are Bill Ready, Pinterest's CEO; and Julia Donnelly, our CFO.

The statements we make on this call reflect management's view as of today and will include forward-looking statements. Such statements involve a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially. For information about assumptions, risks, uncertainties and other factors that could affect our results, please refer to our Forms 10-K and 10-Q, each filed with the SEC and available on our Investor Relations website at investor.pinterestinc.com.

During this call, we will present both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of non-GAAP to GAAP measures is included in today's earnings press release and presentation, which are distributed and available to the public through our Investor Relations website. Lastly, all growth rates discussed today are on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise specified.

And now I'll turn the call over to Bill.

Thanks, Andrew. Good afternoon, and thank you for joining our fourth quarter and full year 2025 earnings call. Before I get into the quarter, I want to address the moment we're in. AI is changing how people discover, how they form intent, narrow choices and move from inspiration to action. Pinterest is designed for this shift. When users have intent but don't have the exact words, brand or product in mind, that's where we win. I'm proud of how we've transformed the company over the past 3.5 years. We've taken Pinterest from a platform with declining users into a growing AI-powered visual first shopping assistant and search destination that has now put up 10 straight quarters of record high users. Today, we see over 80 billion monthly searches on our platform, most of which are visual and generate 1.7 billion monthly outbound clicks.

Over that same time period, we've launched numerous performance ads products to build a unique full funnel ads platform, moving from single-digit revenue growth to consistent mid-teens or better revenue growth, all while significantly expanding margins. All of this combines to make Pinterest a stronger, more profitable business than ever before. We [Audio Gap] 2025 with 619 million global MAUs, up 12% year-over-year in Q4. User growth accelerated in the second half as we continue to introduce AI-led features for both users and advertisers. However, we are not satisfied with our Q4 revenue performance, and believe it does not reflect what Pinterest can deliver over time.

While we absorbed an exogenous shock this year related to tariffs, which are disproportionately affecting ad spend from our top retail advertisers, this quarter also underscored where we need to move faster. Most importantly, we need to further broaden our revenue mix and accelerate the next phase of our sales and go-to-market transformation. These efforts will be led by Lee Brown, who joined in late January as our first Chief Business Officer.

We are moving with urgency to return over time to the mid- to high teens growth or better than we have been consistently delivering. The path forward is clear and we're laser-focused on delivering the next phase of Pinterest. Our priorities, which I will walk you through today are to: First, continue building a differentiated visual search, discovery and shopping experience. We have made Pinterest into a highly personalized visual first shopping destination, and we need to continue to build on our strong momentum with users.

Second, keep AI at the core of everything we do. from highly personalized user experiences and new features like Pinterest Assistant to the advertiser experience through Pinterest Performance+ and to optimizing our own internal operations. And third, accelerate monetization through improved go-to-market and sales execution, so our revenue consistently reflects the strength of our user activity.

With that context, I want to begin where every platform starts, with users and engagement. It's clear that we are in a period of rapid innovation in our industry with new AI chatbots quickly scaling to hundreds of millions of users. However, competing for user engagement is not new to us, and we have been able to thrive because we are doing something separate and distinct. During that same period when AI chatbots were scaling, we reported 10 consecutive quarters of record high MAUs, 100% of which are logged in and reached 105 million UCAN MAUs.

The Gen Z population, who are often the earliest adopters of this new technology like AI chatbots are also flocking to Pinterest. Gen Z represents over 50% of the users on Pinterest today, and they remain the fastest-growing user cohort on our platform. Our ratio of weekly active users to monthly active users or WAU-to-MAU ratio, has held steady year-over-year even as we achieved record highs in users. Importantly, we're also deepening engagement per user in the areas that matter most. As queries, boards created and clicks to advertisers continue to grow faster than users overall, both globally and also in our highest engagement UCAN region, specifically.

To understand how we've been able to carve out this distinct position and grow users and engagement, even as chatbot scale, I'd like to expand upon how we positioned our platform for visual search and discovery. Stepping back, e-commerce spent the first 2 decades focused on perfecting buying online, cheap and fast fulfillment, often at the expense of shopping, the joy of discovering what you actually want. Today, there are countless places to buy, but a few great places to shop, and that's where visual discovery matters most. As AI adoption accelerates, general purpose search is increasingly up for grabs as the largest players pour capital into general-purpose LLMs. But fit for purpose search still wins in key verticals like travel and consumer products.

Our differentiation is clear. We're using AI to power visual search, discovery and shopping, not general-purpose tech-based search. Pinterest sees over 80 billion searches a month and the vast majority are visual, while our newest visual search features are growing fastest. Engagement is growing because our unique curation signal and taste graph combined with cutting-edge AI has improved relevance significantly and made our services much more actionable. Users open Pinterest to a personalized visual feed that starts their shopping journey without having to enter a prompt, bringing the promise of agent a commerce to life. And they can buy seamlessly by linking to an advertiser's mobile app or site or increasingly via one-click checkout from the advertiser within our app.

As I've said before, in many ways, AI is following the same pattern cloud computing did over a decade ago. It's rapidly becoming a set of foundational capabilities available to everyone. The winners will be the companies that combine those capabilities with truly differentiated data and solve problems in unique ways for users and customers. That's exactly what we do at Pinterest. We have created one of the largest search destinations in the world by pairing those building blocks with our unique feedback loop and data set. One of the largest image corpuses in the world and the rich curation signal from hundreds of millions of users that forms our taste graph.

In 2025, our taste graph grew by nearly 40%, as users make more associations across pens, products, boards, retailers and brands. A larger taste graph means we can surface more relevant content and make truly differentiated recommendations. Not only do we have differentiated signals, we're also leveraging AI in a highly capital-efficient manner. We are model agnostic and focus on what delivers the best results for our specific use case, giving us the flexibility to test multiple approaches. As a result, we use a combination of AI models, including our own proprietary fit-for-purpose foundation models, leading third-party proprietary models and increasingly open source models that we fine-tune on our unique signal.

In 2025, we introduced Omni Sage. Our core AI model trained on our taste graph to turn those associations into a single high-value recommendation signal used to retrieve and rank content. The application of Omni Sage drove a 450 basis point lift in site-wide saves. Additionally, in a continuation of our work to increase contact windows and bring a user's full history across all major surfaces on Pinterest, we developed a proprietary foundation ranking model called PFM. This model distills lifetime user actions into the recommendations on the home feed and related pens, driving personalization in nearly every impression our users see. This launch brought meaningful site-wide engagement gains, including a 240 basis point increase in saves across the platform.

Finally, as open source models have made tremendous strides in performance, we developed a model framework called Navigator ONE, which allows us to leverage visual embeddings built on our taste graph and fine-tune open source models to power our newest AI-driven experiences. This framework reduces latency and delivers approximately 90% reduction in costs versus utilizing a leading third-party proprietary model. These models form the foundation for the next generation of AI-driven discovery experiences on Pinterest.

A great example of this is Pinterest Assistant, which we launched in beta in Q4. Pinterest Assistant is a voice-activated visual first conversational assistant that will leverage Navigator One to expand our multimodal discovery capabilities and seamlessly flow between images, voice and text. While we're still iterating, we're encouraged by how people are using the product. Compared with traditional text-based search users are asking a significant higher share of commercially oriented questions, about 25 percentage points more, when using Pinterest Assistant. Pinterest Assistant also helps users learn the names and terms for whatever they're looking for, making it easier to find similar items in the future. That's exactly the kind of high intent, high-value engagement we want to enable. We expect to meaningfully broaden access to U.S. users over the coming months.

Lastly, AI is at the core of how we are improving efficiencies internally as roughly 50% of our new code is AI generated. Taken together, these advances give us confidence that we can keep improving relevance, engagement and advertiser performance while remaining disciplined on AI spend by leveraging Pinterest's unique first-party data.

With that, now I'll turn to the fourth quarter and our priorities for the year ahead. As I stated upfront, we are not satisfied with our Q4 revenue growth, and we are moving with urgency to close the gap. Many of the largest retailers have been disproportionately impacted by tariffs and have been pulling back on advertising spend across the industry as they seek to protect their margins. Our higher mix of large retailers relative to some of our peers has resulted in us feeling more of an impact. This highlights the need for us to further accelerate our growth with a broader set of mid-market, SMB and international advertisers with less than $30 billion of GMV. This is the next phase of our sales and go-to-market transformation.

Stepping back, as we were building our performance ads platform, we deliberately started by serving the largest retailers, given that is where consumers do the most shopping and was the fastest way to provide comprehensive inventory and selection to shoppers. This strategy has been effective. as reflected in our user and engagement trends and in our ad supply with paid clicks to advertisers up roughly fivefold over the last 3 years. However, this strategy is also what has led to higher exposure to large retailers compared to some other platforms. We saw continued softness from this cohort of large retailers in Q4. While we see opportunity over the long term, the near-term outlook for this cohort on our platform remains pressured given these headwinds.

At the same time, the scale of the monetization opportunity we're pursuing has grown significantly. We're now competing for full funnel and performance marketing budgets across a broader range of advertisers in global markets than ever before. We made significant progress growing with a broader set of mid-market SMB and international advertisers in 2025. And but not enough to offset the headwinds that the largest retailers faced.

So we've proven we can serve mid-market SMBs and international advertisers, but we need to accelerate our growth within these segments. Also, while we've made progress evolving our sales organization from primarily selling upper funnel brand advertising a few years ago to full funnel and performance marketing, our monetization still doesn't fully reflect the value of the clicks and conversions we're driving. This quarter made it clear that capturing this opportunity requires a higher level of sales and go-to-market sophistication with globally scaled selling motions as well as deeper technical expertise, particularly around measurement and attribution.

To lead this next phase, we're pleased to welcome Lee Brown as our new Chief Business Officer, with responsibility for scaling Pinterest's global monetization efforts. Lee is a proven business and sales leader with deep experience building and growing advertising businesses at the intersection of technology, media and commerce.

Cloudian also joined us in February as our new Chief Marketing Officer, bringing extensive background with the world's largest online retailer. With this leadership in place, we believe we have the right team to pursue the significant long-term opportunity ahead.

Now let me turn to the key levers we'll be executing against as we move through 2026. First, as I've shared, we're prioritizing broadening our revenue mix, with a primary focus on deepening our footprint with both mid-market enterprises and SMB advertisers. These advertisers who, on our platform range from roughly $30 billion down to tens of millions in annual GMV and continue to represent a significant opportunity for us to scale advertiser demand. Relative to the largest advertisers I was describing earlier, we believe this group has exhibited stronger advertising spending trends in the current environment and has been a strong growth driver for competing ad platforms. By further unlocking this opportunity, we create a powerful flywheel more diverse advertiser demand allows our models to serve more relevant, highly personalized ads to users. This relevancy not only improves the user experience but drive superior performance for our advertisers and higher yield for Pinterest.

While we're seeing healthy revenue growth from this group today, we believe we can accelerate that momentum over time with new leadership and a more sophisticated go-to-market approach, along with the enhancements we're making to Pinterest Performance+ that I will talk about in a moment.

As part of our multiple ways to win, we've also been on a multiyear journey to bring in new sources of demand via multiple third parties to complement our first-party demand. We previously announced the agreement to acquire TV Scientific, a leading connected TV performance advertising platform. This acquisition is an important step toward leveraging our valuable high-intent audience beyond Pinterest's owned surfaces and starting to monetize off-platform supply. Acquiring TV Scientific, which comes after a partnership and several years of exploration in this space supports our road map to make Pinterest a full funnel and performance solution across search, social and over time, connected TV. It opens up larger and incremental budget pools. We're excited to welcome this outstanding team and to begin helping advertisers reach our high intent audience on Connected TV.

Second, we're continuing to advance Pinterest's Performance+ by investing in the next wave of bidding and performance enhancements. Since the end of 2023, we have increased the number of shopping SKUs with a paid ad impression by roughly 5x. Over the past year, we accelerated this trend with the launch of Pinterest Performance+ ROAs bidding in Q1 2025, which adds more granular bidding functionality and allows advertisers to optimize for conversion value, not just the number of conversions. We still see significant opportunity to deepen catalog penetration as we remain a long way from having bids and budgets against advertisers' full product catalogs.

As advertisers increasingly adopt AI-driven automation platforms. The next step is optimizing our bidding system to become more tightly aligned with the advertisers measurement source of truth. Late last year, we began to pilot integrations with a few of our most sophisticated advertisers proprietary in-house measurement systems to help us optimize bids to drive more of the outcomes of those advertisers value. So far, this pilot has delivered promising results, with one advertiser increasing its bids on Pinterest by more than 30%, reflecting the higher value it was seeing from the platform under this new value-based optimization approach. We expect to expand this pilot to additional large sophisticated advertisers in the first half of 2026.

To serve an even broader set of advertisers who rely on third-party measurement partners, later this year, we will enable deeper direct integrations between Pinterest and a number of measurement partners. These integrations will allow automated 2-way data transfer, so we can continuously train and optimize our bidding models to reflect advertisers highest valued outcomes and thus show up more favorably in their measurement systems. Additionally, these measurement systems are increasingly assigning more credit to events leading up to a conversion, such as view-through attribution.

For example, Omnilox, a leader in medical-grade LED light therapy partner with Pinterest and its measurement partner, North Beam. After leveraging North Beam's clicks plus deterministic views model, Omnilex saw a 7x increase in attributed transactions to Pinterest through view-based attribution. For a full funnel platform like Pinterest, this shift should support increased budget allocations over time. As part of our broader effort to give advertisers more control over expressing what matters most to them and building upon campaign customer groups, which we introduced 2 quarters ago. We recently entered beta for Pinterest Performance+ new customer acquisition. Available exclusively through Pinterest Performance+ campaigns, this feature helps advertisers efficiently acquire new customers by allowing them to assign their own customized values to different audiences, so we can optimize towards that outcome.

In initial testing, advertisers saw new customer conversions increased by an average of 64% in campaigns where new customer acquisition was enabled compared to control campaigns without it.

In closing, this is a moment of extraordinary innovation at Pinterest and across our industry and one that we've been building towards for the last several years. Our user and engagement trends reinforce that our product direction is working, and we know where we need to execute better to drive faster and more durable growth to ensure monetization follows that engagement. Importantly, I'm proud not only of what we're building, but how we're building it. We've made deliberate choices that put user trust and well-being, especially for young users at the center of the experience, and we're seeing those choices rewarded as more users than ever come to Pinterest each month. It's clear the parents and regulators around the world are raising the bar for online safety, particularly for teens and kids. We're proud to lead the way by tuning our AI for positivity and giving our users more agency and choice over their experience.

This positions us well as these standards evolve. We are creating a positive place on the Internet where people can invest in themselves and proving that you can build a strong business based on positivity. With that, I'll turn the call over to Julia to share more details about our financial performance.

Thanks, Bill, and good afternoon, everyone. Today, I'll be discussing our full year and fourth quarter 2025 financial results and provide an update on our first quarter 2026 outlook. All financial metrics, except for revenue will be discussed in non-GAAP terms unless otherwise specified, and all comparisons will be discussed on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise noted.

I'll start with our fourth quarter results. We ended the quarter with 619 million global monthly active users, or MAUs, growing 12%, our tenth consecutive quarter of record high users. We continue to demonstrate user growth across all of our geographic regions. In Q4, our U.S. and Canada region had 105 million MAUs growing 4%; our Europe region had 158 million MAUs growing 9%; and in the Rest of World markets, we had 356 million MAUs growing 16%.

Moving to revenue. In Q4, our global revenue was $1.319 billion, up 14% year-over-year or 13% on a constant currency basis. We saw strength from our conversion objective. Across verticals, growth was driven by retail, though with puts and takes within that, as we've described, and driven by smaller but faster-growing categories on our platform, including financial services and telecom.

Turning to our geographical breakouts for Q4. Revenue in the U.S. and Canada was $979 million, growing 9%. Growth came from retail, financial services and telecom. In Europe, revenue was $245 million, growing 25% on a reported basis or 18% on a constant currency basis. Growth in Europe was driven by retail, but was lower than our expectations. We saw a second order effect on cross-border spend from certain large global retailers who pulled back ad spend in Europe as well as you can as they recalibrated across our global portfolio due to the same tariff and margin pressure as Bill described earlier.

Revenue from Rest of World was $96 million, growing 64% on a reported and constant currency basis. In Q4, overall ad impressions grew 41% while ad pricing declined 19% year-over-year driven primarily by the continue mix shift [Audio Gap]

In Q4, cost of revenue was $221 million, up 15% year-over-year and up 7% versus Q3, due to increased infrastructure spend related to our user and engagement growth. Our non-GAAP operating expenses were $562 million, up 13%. The increase was driven by headcount investments in sales and marketing and R&D as we continue to invest in AI initiatives and grow our sales force. Within G&A, expenses grew at a higher than typical rate year-over-year, primarily due to certain legal costs not expected to repeat as well as lapping certain insurance proceeds received in the prior year.

In Q4, we delivered adjusted EBITDA of $542 million with an adjusted EBITDA margin of 41%, up 20 basis points versus Q4 last year. For the full year 2025, free cash flow increased 33% to $1.25 billion. This compares to 2025 adjusted EBITDA of $1.27 billion, representing free cash flow conversion of 99%. Our ability to generate significant free cash flow speaks to the inherent profitability of our business and asset-light nature of our model. Investors should continue to analyze our free cash flow annually as quarterly free cash flow can fluctuate due to the typical seasonality of our business.

We ended the year with cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $2.5 billion. We made further progress mitigating dilution in Q4 as we allocated $500 million towards share repurchases, bringing our full year 2025 share repurchases to $927 million for a total of 30 million shares. In addition, we utilized $399 million of cash in the year on net share settlement of equity awards. Combined for full year 2025, these actions have driven an approximately 1.6% decline in year-over-year fully diluted share count, which compares favorably to our stated positive 2% to 3% average annual target.

Now I'll discuss our guidance for the first quarter, which does not include any impact from TV Scientific as we await regulatory approval for the closing of that transaction. We expect Q1 revenue to be in the range of $951 million to $971 million, representing 11% to 14% growth year-over-year. Based on current spot rates, our guidance assumes the impact of foreign exchange to be approximately 3 points of tailwind in Q1. For the first quarter, we expect adjusted EBITDA to be in the range of $166 million to $186 million. We anticipate Q1 2026 non-GAAP cost of revenue to grow sequentially from Q4 2025 by low single digits percent. In Q1, within non-GAAP operating expense, we will focus our investments on our sales transformation and additional R&D hiring to support our AI efforts.

Next, I want to share some color about the trajectory of margins throughout the year. Starting with cost of revenue. In 2026, we're making deliberate investments in high ROI areas such as GPU capacity to enable key AI initiatives. These investments will allow us to train and serve visual foundation models and our conversation models that advance our capabilities in multimodal search, discovery as well as Pinterest Assistant. In addition, we will continue to build more powerful AI models that are enhancing full-funnel ROAS for our advertisers and ad relevance for our users.

We also have been signaling for some time that we have captured much of the benefit from our multiyear infrastructure cost optimization efforts and are now reaching diminishing returns. As a result, we expect modest headwinds from cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue in 2026. That said, we are actively -- acting decisively to free up investment capacity elsewhere within the company. In January, we announced a restructuring, including a series of organizational actions to simplify how we operate, reduce layers and increase efficiency so that we can invest more intentionally in the areas that matter most, especially AI and our go-to-market transformation.

The result of these offsetting dynamics is that we expect adjusted EBITDA margins to be roughly in line with 2025. So while we anticipate year-over-year adjusted EBITDA margin pressure in the first half, based on our current outlook, we expect full year 2026 adjusted EBITDA margin to be roughly in line with 2025 at approximately 30%.

While the acquisition of TV Scientific has not yet closed, we do expect closing to happen in Q1 or Q2, which we anticipate would cause a roughly 100 basis point drag to adjusted EBITDA margin in 2026, leading to 29% for 2026 overall on a combined basis. To illustrate the potential revenue impact of the acquisition, I will also share that we estimate TV Scientific's Q4 2025 revenue would have contributed less than 2 points of growth to Pinterest revenue in Q4 2020.

Stepping back, over the last 2 years, we've made meaningful progress toward our long-term margin goals. Adjusted EBITDA margins expanded by nearly 700 basis points from 2023, reaching 30% in 2025, reflecting both operating discipline as well as the inherent profitability of our model as we've scaled. Our margin outlook for 2026 reflects our decision to lean into the high ROI investment opportunities we see for ourselves in this crucial moment and to capture the full opportunity ahead. However, our fundamental view of the profit potential of the business is unchanged. and we, therefore, still expect to achieve our adjusted EBITDA margin target of 30% to 34% over the medium term.

Given the strength of our user and supply dynamics, and the organizational actions we are taking to strengthen our sales and go-to-market efforts, we believe our revenue growth should be higher over time, and we continue to have conviction in our ability to reach our long-term targets. We are making the right decisions today to emerge from this period better positioned to compete for the large and growing opportunity ahead.

With that, I'll hand it over to Bill for some final words.

Thanks, Julia. I want to thank our teams at Pinterest, our advertising partners and all the people that come to Pinterest to find inspiration and take action.

And with that, we can open the call up for questions.

[Operator Instructions] The first question will go to the line of Doug Anmuth with JPMorgan.

Can you just talk more about the drivers of 4Q revenue, including the home impact that you saw? And then also how you're thinking about the 1Q guidance?

Sure, Doug, I'll take that one. So in Q4, our largest retail advertisers created a more meaningful headwind than we expected as they sought to protect their margins in this dynamic environment and pulled back on ad spend. We believe this pullback on ad spend from larger advertisers was felt across the industry but impacted our platform to a higher degree, given our current revenue mix. We also saw a second order effect of the same dynamic into Europe as well with some of these same large global retailers pulling back on spend in Europe as they rebalance across their global portfolio.

On the home category, where there was a new furniture tariff enacted last October. The home category remains challenged overall, but the performance there was generally in line with our expectations at the time of guidance. Looking ahead to Q1, we expect these headwinds will continue and may become slightly more pronounced in Q1, including in U.K. and Europe. It's also worth noting that we recently implemented a restructuring in January and are going through a sales and go-to-market transformation, and that may cause some near-term disruption, which we factored into our guidance to be prudent. So all that to say, we're in a moment in time where both of these near-term factors are impacting us. And we know we have a lot of execution to do on the monetization side, and we've started that process.

Looking kind of even beyond Q1, visibility isn't perfect. And obviously, we don't guide beyond one quarter. And we can't predict the macro working anyone perfectly. But we're not seeing any new factors today beyond what we've described that would create more headwinds to our current trajectory.

A few things to think about as we go forward to 2026. In terms of external factors, we've talked about the larger retailer headwinds, which we will start to anniversary in the second half of 2026. For internal factors, we talked about our measurement product releases and sales and go-to-market transformation, which may take a couple of quarters to play out, but we're encouraged by the new leadership we have in place with Lee and the quick actions he's taken there. So all of this will take time, but we're moving quickly to ensure our revenue matches the strength of the users and engagement we're seeing on the platform today.

Our next question will go to the line of Ross Sandler with Barclays.

Great. Bill, can you elaborate on how you and we are changing the go-to-market team. And basically, how is this new organization or a reorganized team likely to drive wallet share and digital advertising for Pinterest? And then Julia just mentioned this, what's the lag period between when the new team kind of comes together and when it might be generating positive results in the form of share gain?

Thanks, Ross. So only been here for a few weeks, but he's already moving quickly and taking decisive action. As with any sales transformation, there can be some modest disruption in the near term as we rebuild and retool the organization to best position the company for the long term. But we're doubling down on broadening our revenue and consistent with the areas that we've been talking about with you all of last year, particularly across mid-market enterprise and SMB advertisers and closing the monetization gap in international markets, including rethinking how we cover some of these areas.

Over the past year, we've made good progress on this. We've doubled the growth rate of our managed SMB business. We expanded with mid-market enterprise advertisers in the $1 billion to $30 billion range and international revenue growth accelerated to 38% versus 25% in 2024. But we believe growth in these areas should be higher, which is why we need to move faster and be bolder. And to do this, we need to restructure and reallocate resources across those opportunities. We need to adapt more quickly to grow within the fastest-growing parts of the market that we see contributing more significantly to the overall growth of competing platforms.

So we're also doubling down on measurement and technical capabilities within our sales team. We've made significant progress from where Pinterest was just a few years ago as an upper funnel only platform and sales team to one that can compete for performance budgets with the largest most sophisticated advertisers. But we know there is significant opportunity in driving greater performance selling capability across our sales organization and across the segments of the business beyond large advertisers. This is actually really important as the industry has advanced measurement and attribution with large platforms becoming more aggressive in claiming credit for outcomes, even when they don't own the clicker conversion. You'd see this reflected in others talking about "model conversions." This is an area where we know we haven't moved fast enough but we're laser-focused on addressing this and have -- we talked about some of the successful pilots that we've already put in place and that we have underway. So while we expect this to play out over a couple of quarters, we're planning prudently around it as we think these changes are essential for us to capture. What we continue to see as a much larger long-term opportunity more consistent with the long-term targets that we've talked about previously.

Our next question will go to the line of Ken Gawrelski with Wells Fargo.

I wanted to just follow up a little bit on this last point about broadening the advertiser base. And I know, Bill, you talked about this in the prepared remarks, around broadening beyond the large retailers. But can you talk a little bit more about how much tech investment beyond just kind of sales and go-to-market, but more tech investment might be necessary to broaden that advertiser base to broaden and deepen that advertiser base? And that's question one. And just to follow on, on the engagement side, you've seen -- it's kind of rare that we see in this industry where you see really strong engagement trends at least the third-party data that we follow suggests you've had very healthy time spend increases, both domestically and internationally. And I think that syncs up pretty well with was your commentary on these calls, but yet to see the ad revenues kind of decelerate here? And I understand there are specific pressures. But maybe you could just talk a little bit about the dynamics around impression growth and click outs relative to what you might -- the pressure you might be seeing on pricing and maybe even conversion if the consumer is less healthy?

Thanks, Ken. So like the rest of the market, we're seeing strong performance amongst our managed SMB business. We actually get is one of the fastest growing parts of the market and a part of the market that we've been under-indexed to these advertisers represent approximately 15% of our revenue today. So we are very active there, but it's a lower percentage on other platforms. And I mentioned the revenue growth rate of this group nearly doubled in 2025 versus 2024. And so we see opportunity over a multiyear period to make us a larger part of the business. And again, we think that's where we see competing platforms having significant growth. And so that growth we have had there demonstrates that we've got product that can compete there. SMBs who are adopting Performance+ campaigns to automate and simplify campaign set up with AI are seeing stronger performance and are spending more on our platform. So as we noted last quarter, we see a 12% higher monthly revenue growth rate with these managed SMB advertisers versus non-adopters. So the ongoing improvements we're making to Performance+ around measurement and attribution will be particularly important for this group as they have leaner teams and often rely on third-party measurement platforms to validate performance. So looking forward, we will continue to focus on driving Pinterest Performance+ campaign adoption as well as simplifying the advertiser onboarding experience. So whether there's more for us to build on product, but the product that we have today, we know can work and is driving good progress there. And it will take time. But Lee and the team are focused on bringing a new level of sophistication to our go-to-market efforts, including how we sell to a broader range of advertisers, particularly with SMBs. And then I'll give to Julia to hit some of the other part of your question there.

So I would just to add on to that, and we'll -- Ken, I think you had a second question on sort of engagement, which I'll go back to. But I just want to add on that SMB, Bill talking about SMB is obviously a large opportunity for us. But it is sort of one of multiple ways that we have to win, as we've talked about in previous quarter, right? Other growth drivers include deepening our share of wallet with mid-market enterprises, growing internationally, growing with agencies and UCAN and internationally and using third-party demand to complement our first-party business. We're also continuing to drive growth in emerging verticals, including financial services, telecom, technology and entertainment, all of which we think can help us build a broader base of revenue and more resilient platform over time. I think we had a second part to Ken's question as well. So I'll turn it back to Bill for that.

Yes. On the engagement side, a couple of things I'd note. We've talked about this, to transform the platform, we need to start with users first, get the shopping behavior and the search behavior. And on that on that engagement, we talked about the 10 straight quarters of record high users. I actually think one of the things. We shared this for the first time last quarter. And I don't think it got as much discussion on the call. But as we talk to folks across the industry, it has really raised some eyebrows in terms of the 80 billion monthly searches that we're doing. To put that in context, you can go look at third-party data as what other platforms are doing. If you ask ChatGPT, how many prompts per month ChatGPT does, it will tell you about 75 billion monthly prompts. We're doing 80 billion monthly searches and generating 1.7 billion monthly clicks. That makes us one of the largest search destinations in the world. And importantly, more than half of those searches are commercial in nature compared to, I think, open out share that they have approximately 2% that will be commercial there. So not only have we created one of the largest search destinations in the world and doing approximately as many searches per month as ChatGPT doing prompts in a month, more than half of that is commercial. And so we have talked about how we needed to go from winning that engagement to then getting the advertisers behind that and then getting measurements so they could see that and lean more into their budgets.

If you step back from it, we're still relatively early on in that journey, we only became fully committed to being a performance ad platform just a few years ago. And you have the largest ad platforms in the world that have been at this for 20-plus years, they were competing against. But the growth that we have delivered is really indicative of how much unique user engagement we have there. But obviously, we have a lot more of that to do. And I would say our users and engagement are out in front of where our ad platform is. The ad platform has been growing significantly. And the ad platform is out in front of where our sales and go-to-market capabilities are.

And as we have proven out that we can sell not only to those largest retailers, but also to those midsized retailers that we've been talking about and SMBs and international and now moving beyond our O&O, just the complexity of that sales organization has increased significantly, and the need to have technical performance selling ability, measurement ability within the sales organization, that has changed significantly as well. So these are the things that are embedded in that sales transformation that we're talking about. And we're not only do we think there's a gap to cover between our monetization and our user engagement, we think that gap is quite significant and why we feel really encouraged about the long-term initial of our business. I've shared in my remarks, search is more up for grabs than it ever has been, at least in the last 25 years. And I'm not aware of another company in the western world that could claim anywhere close to the search volume that we're talking about other than us ChatGPT, OpenAI and Google. Obviously, we have a lot more to do to monetize that, but we have a clear line of sight as to what we need to do to get there.

Our next question will go to the line of Eric Sheridan with Goldman Sachs.

Maybe building on the answers to so far in the call, Bill, when you think about ChatGPT and they're launching their own ad product and you have a lot of ambition for growth across the industry at the same time that the industry is moving towards more automation and more AI and machine learning. Can you bring together your vision for how you see Pinterest broadly fitting into this increasingly competitive landscape for digital advertising budget dollars? I'll just ask the one and leave it there.

Thank you, Eric. Over time, we believe ad dollars will ultimately flow towards clicks and conversions and we have that engagement. And that has continued to grow, including in UCAN, our largest, most mature market. So while this has always been a competitive market, we have a unique curation signal. We have a differentiated full funnel platform. And we've created one of the largest source destinations in the world now with 619 million global users and shopping as a primary use case. We have one of the highest commercial intent audiences of any platform. Again, we're very early on in that monetization journey. But the others that would claim large search volumes are also very early. And so I think that the ad market is still quite large. There are a lot of dollars still flowing to places that aren't necessarily highly performant. We think there's a lot of dollars still up for grabs as we deliver high commercial intent, strong performance, there are a lot more dollars available. And so I talked about, for example, the TV Scientific acquisition as one of us now starting to monetize our audience beyond our owned and operated. We think there's a real opportunity in that commerciality beyond just our O&O surface. And this has happened before. You've seen this play out before where those that have high commercial intent are able to monetize that across multiple surfaces, including beyond their O&O.

So we think that again, we acknowledge that the revenue performance we put up in Q4, while pressured by the tariffs and our greater mix towards large retailers. While that has presented some near-term headwind, the long-term commerciality of the platform, the very significant volume of search activity that we're getting, the high commercial intent and our ability to -- that we've now proven that we can drive performance advertising budgets, gives us confidence that really, this is about how we get that performance to a broader set of advertisers through greater sophistication. And we think what we have is quite unique. I shared those stats. Again, 80 billion searches per month. Similar to what ChatGPT would say that it provides in prompts per month, but with a much greater mix of commerciality, 50% of our search is being with commercial intent, 1.7 billion monthly outbound clicks. There's a lot of that, that we still have to monetize, but we have a clear line of sight to do. We just have to do that across a broader set of advertisers. And we think that is quite unique in the ecosystem and there's room for multiple winners. So even as another new search player comes in, I think there's room for multiple to succeed. And what we're doing with the completely visual forward nature of our platform, those 80 billion monthly searches, the vast majority of those are visual in nature. It's just completely different than what anybody else is doing. We think that's a distinct space that not only are we winning there now, we see the very unique data that we have, giving us a sustaining advantage of that. Even as AI advances, we talked about how we're able to use low-cost open source AI and our own internal proprietary models, train that against that data and then get very different results. I shared on prior calls that our latest multimodal visual search models, outperform leading proprietary off-the-shelf models by 34 percentage points on the relevancy of shopping recommendations. That's really about that flywheel effect of the unique signal on our platform in AI trained on that unique signal. So those are all the things I'd point to that give us confidence that -- and I think, again, it's best demonstrated by what we've done over the last 10 quarters or 10 straight quarters of record high users, but also despite the sort of near-term bumps here, where we see that there is a lot more monetization opportunity ahead even just for the engagement that already is on platform today. Hopefully, that helps.

Our next question will go to the line of Colin Sebastian with Baird.

Great. I guess -- maybe for Julia, but obviously, a lot of moving parts here. But given some of the top line headwinds, the sales force transition and the opportunities you have to unlock with some of the reallocation of investments. Could you maybe walk through in a little more detail the puts and takes on the adjusted EBITDA outlook for the year just as we move through the year and then you balance some of those -- the impacts from some of those various factors.

Colin, so we anticipate adjusted EBITDA margins, as I said on the call, to be kind of roughly in line with 2025, excluding the approximately 100 basis point drag from the TV Scientific acquisition, which results in sort of 29% for full year 2026 overall. But to get into some of the puts and takes underneath that, we're intentionally investing in cost of revenue, specifically in GPU capacity to enable key AI initiatives, which I described earlier in my prepared remarks. But we believe this will drive further improvements to advertiser performance and, therefore, advertiser budgets and continued user and engagement growth. So we expect this cost of revenue investment to be approximately 100 basis points in 2026, similar to the gross margin outlook implied in my Q1 commentary earlier.

Moving to OpEx. In January, we took action on a restructuring, which we anticipate will generate approximately $100 million of annualized non-GAAP OpEx savings. Now we expect to reinvest roughly half of those OpEx savings primarily in our sales transformation and in AI talent. So as a result, the net impact between the cost of revenue investment and the OpEx savings I just described, gets you to roughly flat margins for the stand-alone Pinterest business in '26 compared to '25. On top of that, we expect the acquisition of TV Scientific, which is higher growth business, but also earlier-stage business. So we expect the acquisition of TV Scientific to be an approximate 100 basis point headwind to full year adjusted EBITDA margin, including some modest further deleverage on cost of revenue. So we'll continue to be responsive to the overall environment and thoughtful allocators of capital. But based on what we see today, these are the puts and takes that get us to our expected 29% adjusted EBITDA margin for '26, as I said before, we've made significant progress against our long-term targets, reaching 30% in '25. And obviously, this continues to be a very structurally high-margin business, and we continue to have conviction in margins reaching 30% to 34% over the medium and long term.

Our next question will go to the line of Brian Nowak with Morgan Stanley.

Just to go back to the advertising go-to-market change, so we can sort of understand a little bit what you want to really change this year, Bill. Can you give us sort of a couple of examples of your current go-to-market with SMBs and international and some tangible examples of what you would like to change 12 months from now, just so we can understand the KPIs and the go-to-market that you're most focused on to make this right. And then secondly, with the first quarter guide, I think you might have mentioned there's an assumption on some disruption expected in the advertising side. Can you just walk us through sort of like practically what are you expecting to be disrupted with the ore change?

Yes. Thanks for the question. So in terms of like how we're thinking about it, when we could step back and put things in context for a moment, we only started building a true performance ad platform just a few years ago. Our first true CPC product for advertisers wasn't launched until we didn't go GA until Q4 of 2023. So sort of 2 years in the quarter -- 2 years on a partial quarter into even having a platform that do clicks to advertisers. As we talked about before, we started with the very largest advertisers. We've been working our way down. Our SMB -- the main product that we needed to enable that for SMBs was Pinterest Performance+ because SMB advertisers need something that is much more automated, more set and forget it. Pinterest Performance+, we went GA at the start of '25. As we deployed that through '25, we saw that working well. As I mentioned, we doubled the growth rate of our SMB, our managed SMB population that's now 15% of revenue, but we know that can and should be much larger. And so it's a different kind of selling to those kinds of advertisers. .

The things that we need to do to run that the -- also the measurement integrations that we need to do as they rely on a different set of measurement partners than what the very largest advertisers would. So that is part of that go-to-market, which is how do we have those sellers set up to sell performance, understand the measurement, particularly measurement sources of truth that are used by the advertiser and then how to help that advertiser get the most out of our AI-driven tools like Pinterest Performance+ to configure those things for performance. Those are some of the things that we're driving through. And again, leasing a couple of weeks in, but these are things that -- we have made progress on this, again, doubling the growth rate of SMBs over the course of '25, we've made progress. So we have a clear line of sight what to do. We just need to take bigger, bolder steps. And we're confident now with Lee here, we've got the right leadership in place to go do that.

Yes. And the second part of your question in terms of Q1 and what I was referring to there on the near-term disruption, I think we obviously took the difficult decision to go through that restructuring activity in January. Part of that did impact some of frontline sellers and on the measurement side as well. And so as we're kind of getting ahead of that and backfilling those roles, obviously, it will take a little bit of time for those new folks to come in and ramp up productivity. So I do think we're anticipating a little bit of impact here in Q1, but all of that is factored into the guidance.

Our next question will go to the line of Justin Patterson with KeyCorp.

Great. Bill, you mentioned earlier that Pinterest is a brings the promise of agentic commerce to life without having to enter prompts. Could you just spend some more on just what agentic commerce means for Pinterest and the steps to get there?

Yes. Thanks for the question, Justin. The broader promise of agentic has tremendous potential, and we're leaning into the places where we see the most opportunity to solve compelling user problems. So let me start with: First, the way we think about the broader agentic opportunity and what it really means for users. The promise of agentic is one where users trust AI to help them along a commercial journey to remove friction and find products they love all without the user having to do as much of the work. That's exactly where Pinterest has been leaning in. Our visual search, discovery and personalization means that users are instantly met with relevant products that they're interested in when they open up the Pinterest app. We're helping them complete those commercial journeys without having to type in a single prompt. So that is the agentic nature that we are solving for already, which is the users to have to tell us what next step to take, we're meeting them with products that help them along their products recommendations that help them along their commercial journey.

In essence, we're helping our users know what to buy before they know what to ask for, which has historically been one of the biggest problems in search is that people don't have the words to describe what it is they're looking for. So on top of that, we've enabled capabilities that make the purchase in a single tap without ever leaving our site, most notably with Amazon. This has resulted in users, searches, clicks and overall commercial intent, all growing significantly and accelerating over the last 3 years. In Q4, we accelerated our product even further, introducing Pinterest Assistant, which adds voice as a new modality.

So we're seeing very strong traction in real-world application of this type of experience for users, with our AI capabilities at the core of how we're delivering on it. What we see less demand for in the near term is an experience where ages complete the full shopping journey without the user being involved at all. We see users wanting to be in the loop for the foreseeable future. And in the future, when users are -- well, right now, when users are ready to confirm a purchase, we're making it very seamless for them to do so. And whatever point in the future users are ready to actually trust the agent to press the buy button for them -- that will actually be one of the easiest parts of the commercial journey to solve given how many frictionless buy buttons exist in the market today. So again, I think there's been a lot of discussion of the promise of agentic, and a lot of it sort of goes all the way to the agenda just go do everything for you.

We're focused on the AI doing the thing that the users need the most help with today, and not getting in the way of the users for the thing that they want to make sure that they verify, which is the user being in the loop at that last one was saying, yes, that's the thing. Give it to me. I press a button in us all the way. And that's what's happening on the platform today and why we're seeing the very strong user engagement trends that we talked about.

Our last question will go to the line of Ron Josey with Citigroup.

I wanted to ask two really quickly. Just Bill, on TV Scientific. You talked about the new sources of demand and highlighted Pinterest third-party partners in the past. But with TV Scientific expands beyond the platform. Does it talk to us how this acquisition can open up larger budget pools as it just accelerates those TV Scientific as well as Pinterest overall scale? And then on the go-to-market and the revamp that we're planning there in the first half of the year. Would love your thoughts, just where are we on the process there? I know, obviously, Lee just to not too long ago, but any insights on additional impacts on timing and like rebuilding that team?

Thanks, Ron. So on TV Scientific, yes, you're exactly right. We've, over the last couple of years been bringing in third-party demand. This now is our first foray -- first meaningful foray into third-party supply. And this is very consistent with what you would see from other high-intent platforms, where you can take the high intent that you have on your own platform. And then drive more relevant, more performant ads on other surfaces based on knowledge of that intent.

And in terms of -- this is an area we've been sort of studying and experimenting in for a couple of years now. And we started with a partnership with TV Scientific to allow us to sort of understand their technology, their team, and we move from that to acquisition because they're driving today search type performance advertising in TV and connected TV, which is very aligned with our approach. And we think we can -- when we combine that with our very highly commercial audience and the scale of that audience, as I've shared a few times, over 80 billion monthly searches and that being primarily visual, which obviously would align with TV and sort of the visual nature of that. We think there's a lot we can do to together drive more performance connected TV advertising which is one of the fastest-growing areas of the ad market. So I talked about more exposure to SMB into international, given that those are fast growing. Connected TV is also fast growing. And I think there's a lot we can do to bring performance there. So hopefully that helps on the TV Scientific acquisition.

It effectively turns Pinterest into a full-funnel search, social and connected TV performance solution, opening up larger in incremental budget pools. And of course, these things take time, but we're quite excited about the opportunity.

On the other part, on the go-to-market revamp, that I have commented on that a good bit. And so the timing and rebuild, these things do take some time. We are in flight on these things already. Again, the way I would characterize this as looking back at '25, we talked about diversifying the revenue base all through '25. We were talking to all about that on the call then of expanding to those midsized retailers expanding to SMB to expand international, we executed on those things.

I would say that we had good execution, we need great execution. And so all that to say, we're not starting for the first time on these things. It's really about how do we learn from the efforts we've had so far, double down, go faster with greater clarity with those teams and bolder decisions around what are the different levers needed for those different segments of the business. It's just a more complex selling organization. Again, I think we've got the right leadership in place now with Lee to go after that. But time 0 is not at this moment. This is really about sort of us finding the next year in that transformation. We have a really good line of sight to that. And I commented that with any of these kinds of things, you can expect at times a quarter or 2 of disruption as you move through some of those things. But again, we've got clear line of sight to how these have already been faster-growing areas for us, and it's really about us doubling down in those faster-growing areas.

That will conclude the question-and-answer session. I would now like to pass the conference back over to Pinterest's CEO, Bill Ready for closing remarks.

Thanks again to all of you for joining the call and for your questions. We look forward to keeping this dialogue going, and we hope you enjoy the rest of your day.

That concludes today's earnings call. Thank you for your participation, and enjoy the rest of your day.

Good day, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for joining today's Pinterest Third Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call. My name is Tia, and I will be your moderator for today's call. [Operator Instructions]

I would now like to pass the call over to your host, Andrew Somberg, Vice President of Investor Relations and Treasury. Please proceed.

Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us. Welcome to Pinterest's earnings call for the third quarter ended September 30, 2025. My name is Andrew Somberg, and I'm Vice President of Investor Relations and Treasury for Pinterest.

Joining me on today's call are Bill Ready, Pinterest's CEO; and Julia Donnelly, our CFO. This conference call is being webcast, and we are also providing a slide presentation to accompany our commentary. Please refer to our Investor Relations website at investor.pinterest.com to find today's presentation webcast and earnings press release.

Some of the statements that we make today regarding our performance, operations and outlook, may be considered forward-looking and such statements involve a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. In addition, our results, trends and outlook for Q4 2025 and beyond are preliminary and are not an assurance of future performance. We are making these forward-looking statements based on information available to us as of today. and we expressly disclaim any duty or obligation to update them later unless required by law. For more information about assumptions, risks, uncertainties and other factors that could affect our results, please refer to our most recent Form 10-Q and Form 10-K, each filed with the SEC and available on our Investor Relations website.

During this call, we will present both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures is included in today's earnings press release and presentation, which are distributed and available to the public through our Investor Relations website. Lastly, all growth rates discussed in today's prepared remarks should be considered year-over-year unless otherwise specified.

And I'll now turn the call over to Bill.

Thanks, Andrew. Good afternoon, and thank you for joining our third quarter 2025 earnings call. Q3 marks another quarter of strong execution against our multiyear strategy and long-term financial targets. Over the past few years, we've transformed Pinterest from a platform of window shopping, where users often found that all the stores were closed into an AI-powered visual first shopping assistant. We are digitally replicating the joyful experiences of walking the bazar or working with a great salesperson on your favorite boutique while seamlessly enabling our users to take action.

In an evolving competitive environment, Pinterest continues to distinguish itself as a destination for our users and a vital partner for our advertisers. To illustrate this point, nearly 85% of our users come directly to our mobile app, meaning we're not reliant on search engines or other third parties for traffic. We reached 600 million monthly active users in Q3, marking our ninth straight quarter of record high users with particular strength in Gen Z. Gen Z is our largest, fastest-growing cohort comprising over 50% of our user base and represents the next generation of users and shoppers who are influential tastemakers, content creators and a lucrative audience for advertisers to reach.

This momentum is also evident in key markets with our U.S. and Canada MAUs reaching 103 million, the highest level on our platform in the last 4.5 years. Importantly, 100% of our reported users are logged in giving us valuable first-party intent signals that provide an unparalleled view into consumer taste and preferences, which powers our recommendation engine and creates an even better user shopping experience. This combination of scale and intent continues to fuel our financial performance, with Q3 revenue growing 17% year-over-year to $1.049 billion, proving our role as a trusted partner to brands and agencies across the world.

Not only has our platform become a destination for shopping, we've also increasingly become a destination for search, in particular, visual search. Today, there are approximately 80 billion monthly queries across Pinterest, split across related items and other forms of visual search and traditional text-based searches. In Q3, all of these individual query types grew year-over-year on the platform. Overall, queries per user also grew year-over-year as we deepen engagement per user and user search more often on Pinterest. Related items in other forms of visual search are by far the largest source of queries and on our latest visual search features, in particular, queries grew the fastest at 44% year-over-year in Q3. These trends help to highlight how our AI investments are elevating our visual search capabilities and the relevance of our shopping recommendations. As a result, we are driving more of our engagement towards visual search, an area where we have a distinct right to win and is aligned with the visual search -- with the visual inspiration and discovery that our users have come to expect from Pinterest.

At the same time that we found our best product market fit with users, we've also built a performance ad platform that is harnessing our users' commercial intent and AI-driven automation to improve performance and simplify campaign creation for our advertisers. As a result, we've grown outbound clicks to advertisers by 40% year-over-year in Q3 and by more than 5x over the last 3 years. We have also broken into performance budgets, including achieving 5% to 10% share of total ad spend for some of the world's largest, most sophisticated advertisers.

Through continued product innovation, we see meaningful runway to expand our share of wallet with these large advertisers while also growing with smaller mid-market advertisers through continued improvements to our AI-powered automation suite, Pinterest Performance+.

International markets also remain significantly undermonetized, creating clear opportunities to increase monetization over the next several years across multiple growth levers. With these foundations in place, we see a clear path to sustainably grow our business and expand our market share.

AI is the heart of the Pinterest experience, working continuously in the background to understand our users' evolving tastes and preferences. Unlike chat or search platforms that wait for users to type a prompt, our AI is proactive. It anticipates what users will love next, curating a fresh feet of personalized recommendations that are ready, the moment they return, advancing their commercial journeys without the user having to ask, which is effectively the promise of agentic experiences. This is the magic of Pinterest, delivering a world of inspiration and individualized AI-assisted shopping for each user. In effect, this has made us an AI-powered shopping assistant for our 600 million monthly active users.

Importantly, through this experience, we are acting as a true partner to our advertisers. We don't disintermediate their traffic. We provide our users a seamless journey from visual discovery directly to the advertiser's product checkout page, helping our advertisers gain a customer, not just a transaction. This entire ecosystem is built on our core competitive advantage. A deep understanding of user taste, intent and product associations. Our AI is trained on billions of first-party signals from hundreds of millions of people actively curating and buying, which builds our taste graph. This unique first-party data then trains our AI to recommend deeply personalized and relevant content, often before users even -- can even articulate what they're looking for. This creates a powerful feedback loop. As we provide more value to our users by surfacing what they are looking for, they engage more deeply, further enriching our data and strengthening our ability to recommend relevant content.

This May, we launched a significant enhancement to visual discovery on Pinterest, our first-ever multimodal search experience, starting with women's fashion. This upgraded feature allows users to refine searches with more precision than ever by using both image and text inputs. Powering this experience is a proprietary in-house multimodal model trained on Pinterest's vast and unique data set, which is 30% more effective at identifying and recommending relevant content from our Corpus compared to leading off-the-shelf models.

Now we're testing ways to expand multimodal search and bring AI to the foreground of the user experience with the launch of our new Pinterest Assistant. With Pinterest Assistant, we are fundamentally enhancing the discovery journey on Penterest by transforming pure text-based search into a voice-activated conversational assistant. Now users can move beyond simple keyword text inputs to describing open-ended, complex questions and commands like, "What outfits might match this theme," and make these home decor ideas brighter and with a modern layout. Our AI technology services real-time inspiration that takes these conversational descriptors, runs them through our AI fine-tuned with our first-party signal and surfaces shoppable products from our catalog.

Additionally, by translating natural language queries and to curated visual results, we are also able to capture more nuanced commercial intent, providing us valuable signal to drive further personalized recommendations. We just began a beta rollout of Pinterest Assistant to a small set of test users in the U.S. We're excited about the opportunities that multimodal search can unlock and we'll continue to test this product over the coming quarters seek user feedback and expand access to a broader set of users over time.

AI is also being integrated to help move users through their commercial journeys in ways that are unique to Pinterest. A recent example is with Boards. As I've discussed in past quarters, Boards are at the heart of a user's inspiration to action journey and a superpower of our platform. hundreds of millions of our users actively saved to 15 billion boards organizing every aspect of their lives and creating an intent signal found nowhere else in the Western world. Importantly, users who use boards are more likely to revisit, less likely to turn and more likely to have deep recessions. Now we're using AI to make boards even more inspirational and shoppable, helping users move seamlessly from discovery to decision.

In the coming weeks, we will be introducing new trends and brands to our U-Can users with a new feature called Boards made for you. This feature brings timely curated collections of fresh and personalized content right into the home feed, with the goal of driving more frequent visitation and curation in introducing relevant shopping recommendations. With a blend of AI-driven recommendations and expert human curation, we're delivering personalized boards that help users discover new trends for them, see what others with similar styles and interests are loving each day and shop personalized weekly outfit ideas.

As part of our Q4 holiday go-to-market efforts, we're also launching the holiday edit, consisting of hundreds of new expert curated gift guides spanning 17 categories, including fashion, home, food, beauty, travel, parenting and technology. These shop boards feature gift ideas selected by celebrities in the know and Pinterest experts who understand exactly what to buy for every taste and budget. Through these initiatives, we're driving value for our users that they can only find on Pinterest, which in turn drives better engagement on the platform.

Our commitment to enhancing the user's journey from inspiration to action creates a powerful full funnel opportunity for advertisers. It allows them to connect with consumers at every stage, especially during the critical discovery phase where users have high commercial intent, but don't yet know exactly what they want to purchase. To that end, we recently launched a number of ad formats geared towards connecting users to shoppable products. For example, we recently launched top of search ads, now in beta in all monetized markets. These ads appear directly within the top 10 search results and in related pins ensuring that the brand's products are visible for shopping journeys most often begin and ahead of the competition. Since 45% of clicks occur in the top 10 search results, this placement is highly valuable. Our testing shows an average click-through rate of 29% higher for top of search ads compared to standard campaigns and a 32% higher likelihood of attracting new users who haven't seen or engaged with the brand's ads in the past.

For example, Tractor Supply Company leveraged top of search ads and an A/B test saw a 129% increase in click-through rate versus their catalog benchmarks. Last quarter, I highlighted our significant opportunity to enable new seamless shopping experiences across various categories on our platform. As part of that effort, we announced our new partnership with Instacart. -- which enables Pinterest ads to become directly shoppable via Instacart, allowing users to complete a purchase in just a few clicks. In September, we further expanded this functionality, which brings actionability to CPG advertisers with the launch of where to Buy links. Where to Buy links make standard ads instantly shoppable by surfacing multiple in-stock retailer options for a single product directly from an ad, all while allowing advertisers to receive valuable purchase intent data. With one tap, shoppers can view retailer options and choose their preferred one to complete a purchase.

In September, we also launched local inventory ads, where retailers can display real-time prices for in-stock items within a shopper's local store radius, adding a layer of convenience and actionability for users who want to know what's available nearby. These new ad formats are complemented by our ongoing focus on Pinterest Performance+, where we continue to drive adoption, increase functionality, enhanced bidding capabilities through features like ROAS bidding and subsequently drive increased advertiser spend. We're excited about the performance that Pinterest Performance+ is delivering for advertisers, particularly Pinterest Performance+ campaigns, our AI-powered suite of automated ad products designed to boost campaign performance by simplifying setup and optimizing delivery across objectives.

Pinterest Performance+ campaigns bundle a la carte features like P+ bidding, P+ targeting and Plus budgets into one suite to help advertisers reach the right audience and drive better results with 50% fewer inputs related to set up a campaign. Just one year since launching into general availability, we're extremely pleased with our progress and the performance we're driving for advertisers. For example, retail advertisers that spent on Pinterest Performance Plus campaigns have on average seen a 24% higher conversion lift than those spending only on traditional campaigns.

Additionally, Performance+ campaigns are also helping us deepen performance across a wide range of advertiser segments. Last quarter, we talked about how our Pinterest Performance+ campaigns was seeing a particularly strong product market fit amongst our mid-market enterprise and smaller advertisers as these advertisers value automated and simplified ways to optimize their campaign performance on our platform.

We continue to see highest adoption of this tool amongst our smaller and mid-market managed advertisers, who range from tens of millions to upwards of $100 million in annual gross merchandise value. As these advertisers adopt Performance+ campaigns, we are seeing them spend more on the platform. Among our mid-market and smaller managed advertisers, Performance+ campaign adopters exhibited on average a 12% higher monthly growth rate in spend on Pinterest post adoption when compared to non-adopters. While this cohort of smaller and mid-market advertisers represents approximately 15% of our revenue today, we see significant opportunity to continue to increase our share of wallet with this segment of advertisers.

We also continue to add new features and functionality to the Pinterest Performance+ suite. In Q1 2025, we launched Performance+ ROAs bidding, which provides more granular bidding functionality for advertisers and optimizes for conversion value. not just the volume of conversions. This is particularly impactful for advertisers that have a large catalog of varying price points. And while we are only 2 quarters into general availability of Road bidding, we're seeing promising early adoption. Globally, 22% of our lower funnel retail revenue now flows through ROAs bidding. And notably, as we drive adoption, we're increasingly seeing advertisers place bids against a greater portion of their catalog.

In Q3, the number of unique shopping SKUs with a paid ad impression grew more than 100% year-over-year. And advertisers using road bidding contributed the entirety of that growth.

Lastly, we continue to enhance our Pinterest Performance+ suite and be responsive to advertiser feedback. As an example, advertisers have requested additional transparency regarding the audiences their performance plus campaigns are reaching to supplement the performance metrics they already receive. As a result, we recently launched enhanced new reporting functionality and ads manager, offering detailed audience breakdowns, including age, gender and approximate location.

In short, just over a year since launching Pensions Performance Plus, I am proud of the value we've delivered for advertisers with meaningful opportunities still ahead of us. Now I'll turn to our international opportunity. International monetization represents one of our largest, most durable growth vectors, and we're still in the very early innings. Today, we have roughly 500 million MAUs outside of UCAN or 83% of our global users, evidence of our strong global awareness and product market fit with our users. However, these users represented just 25% of global revenue in Q3 2025, reflecting our historical monetization focus on U-Can.

While we continue to see opportunities to drive growth in UCAN, this imbalance creates the upside we're now beginning to unlock as we scale proven playbooks across our Europe and Rest of World regions and integrate more deeply with the advertising ecosystem in each of these regions. Our go-to-market approach is region-specific. In Europe, we lead primarily with our first-party sales team to serve advertisers directly. We're also focused on strengthening our relationships with agencies who manage and deploy much of the digital advertising spend in this region and who we view as vital partners in the ecosystem as well as integrating with marketing tech partners who help advertisers manage their creative and campaigns.

In the rest of world, we've deployed a hybrid model that blends our direct sales force in select markets, reseller partners in over 40 countries. And incremental third-party ad demand, allowing us to effectively scale growth in longer tail markets that were previously unmonetized or significantly undermonetized. Critically, we're exporting what already works in you can while localizing the implementation. Our lower funnel playbook focuses on increasing uploads of product catalogs and driving adoption of shopping ad formats and privacy-centric measurement. We couple that with Pinterest Performance+ to simplify campaign creation and improve outcomes for our advertisers. The result is a consistent, measurable path for advertisers to see performance and scale their spend on Pinterest. As an example, Pandora, a leading European-based global jewelry retailer leveraged many of Pinterest's best practices, including the adoption of Pinterest Performance+ across 100% of their lower funnel spend in existing markets, which drove ROAS lists across their campaigns. Additionally, Pandora adopted our conversion API, driving nearly a 36% increase in ROAS and after implementing off-line conversions drove a 148% increase in ROAS across priority markets.

International advertisers leaning into our shopping ad formats has been one of the clearest indication that our lower funnel playbook is resonating across the globe. 2 years ago at our Investor Day in September 2023, shopping ads represented just 9% of international revenue. In Q3 2025, it reached 30%. In fact, Q3 shopping ad revenue in both Europe and the Rest of World grew over 2x faster than the overall revenue growth of their respective regions. Despite this progress, we see significantly more opportunity to both activate and grow our share of wallet with international advertisers, particularly with the most sophisticated European and rest of world advertisers where we are currently underpenetrated.

It's still early, but we're making tangible progress narrowing our international monetization gap as measured by international ARPU relative to UCAN. Overall, I'm extremely proud of our team and the progress we are making across a number of initiatives. Pinterest is growing users across all the generations and geographies we track and has become a destination. Importantly, we're also growing queries, board creation and clicks to advertisers faster than users, meaning we're deepening engagement per user across the dimensions we want even as users have more alternatives than ever for search.

With that, I'll turn the call over to Julia to share more details about our financial performance.

Thanks, Bill, and good afternoon, everyone. Today, I'll be discussing our third quarter 2025 financial results and provide an update on our preliminary fourth quarter 2025 outlook. All financial metrics, except for revenue will be discussed in non-GAAP terms unless otherwise specified, and all comparisons will be discussed on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise noted.

Now let's start with our third quarter results. We ended the quarter with 600 million global monthly active users, or MAUs, growing 12%, our ninth consecutive quarter of record high users. We continue to demonstrate user growth across all of our geographic regions. In Q3, our U.S. and Canada region had 103 million MAUs growing 4%, our Europe region had 150 million MAUs growing 8%, and then the rest of world markets, we had 347 million MAUs growing 16%.

Shifting to revenue. In Q3, our global revenue was $1.049 billion, up 17% on a reported basis and 16% on a constant currency basis. We saw strength across our conversion and awareness objectives. Across verticals, we continue to see strength led by retail as well as by smaller, faster-growing categories on our platform, including telecom and entertainment. We also continue to see a normalization within CPG, driven largely by our food and beverage subvertical.

Turning to our geographical breakouts for Q3. In the U.S. and Canada, we generated $786 million in revenue, growing 9%. Strength came from retail, CPG, Telecom and entertainment. In Europe, revenue was $193 million, growing 41% on a reported basis or 34% on a constant currency basis. Strength in Europe was driven by retail. Revenue from Rest of World was $70 million, growing 66% on a reported basis or 65% on a constant currency basis.

We're pleased to deliver the strong 17% third quarter revenue growth which exemplifies our multiple ways to win that I've spoken about for many quarters. We continue to diversify our business across geographies, grow long-standing as well as new advertiser verticals and begin to deepen our share with mid-market and smaller advertisers. We did face pockets of moderating ad spend in UCAN in Q3 as larger U.S. retailers navigate tariff-related margin pressure in the current environment. However, as Bill noted, we also saw accelerating strength across our international geographies in Q3 as we have begun to successfully export our lower funnel playbook around shopping.

In Q3, overall ad impressions grew 54% and while ad pricing declined 24% year-over-year. The primary driver of the continued strong growth in ad impressions and corresponding decline in ad pricing continues to be the growing mix shift from ad impressions in previously unmonetized or undermonetized international markets, which carry lower ad pricing than our more mature markets.

Moving to expenses. In Q3, cost of revenue was $206 million, up 13% year-over-year and up 5% versus Q2 due to increased infrastructure spend related to our user and engagement growth. Our non-GAAP operating expense was $543 million, up 15%. The increase was due to investments in sales and marketing and R&D as we continue to invest in headcount to support our AI and other product initiatives as well as our sales force.

Our revenue growth, combined with our disciplined approach to cost led to another strong quarter of adjusted EBITDA coming in at $306 million, a margin of 29%. Adjusted EBITDA margin expanded 170 basis points versus Q3 last year and helped to deliver Q3 free cash flow of $318 million. This speaks to the inherent profitability of our business and highly cash-generative nature of our model with over 90% of our adjusted EBITDA converting to free cash flow over the trailing 12 months. We ended the quarter with cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $2.7 billion. As a reminder, we've previously discussed the 4 pillars of our capital allocation framework, which remain unchanged. First, investing in product and technology innovation; second, balance sheet optimization; third, preserving flexibility for opportunistic and disciplined M&A; and fourth, dilution management. To that end, as part of our ongoing efforts to mitigate dilution from employee stock-based compensation, in Q3, we allocated $199 million towards share repurchases and $115 million toward net share settlement of equity awards, thus bringing fully diluted share count roughly flat year-over-year.

Now I'll discuss our preliminary guidance for the fourth quarter. We expect Q4 revenue to be in the range of $1.313 billion to $1.338 billion, representing 14% to 16% growth year-over-year. Our guidance assumes the impact of foreign exchange to be approximately 1 point of tailwind based on current spot rates.

Moving down the P&L. We expect Q4 2025 adjusted EBITDA to be in the range of $533 million to $558 million. We anticipate Q4 2025 non-GAAP cost of revenue to grow sequentially from Q3 2025 by high single-digits percent. Within Q4 non-GAAP operating expense, our primary area of investment will continue to be headcount growth within R&D to support our efforts in AI and other product initiatives as well as our global sales team. Our Q4 adjusted EBITDA guidance confirms that we will continue to expect adjusted EBITDA margin expansion in the second half of 2025. We Consistent with our commentary on our last earnings call, the level of expansion in the second half will be lower than the more elevated expansion we delivered in the first half of 2025 as we continue to invest in revenue-driving initiatives. Overall, we are pleased with our progress in 2025 towards our long-term adjusted EBITDA margin targets and our ability to continue generating significant free cash flow.

In closing, I'm proud of our team for another strong quarter as we continue to deliver for our users and advertisers. With that, I'll hand it over to Bill for some final words.

Thanks, Julia. I want to thank our teams at Pinterest, our advertising partners and all the people that come to Pinterest to find inspiration and take action.

And with that, we can open the call up for questions.

[Operator Instructions] The first question comes from the line of Ron Josey with Citigroup.

Great. Bill, a bigger picture question for you, and then Julia, I had one for you. Bill, on the future of e-commerce, I would love to get your thoughts on agentic Commerce, agenetic search and how everything is evolving here. and specifically interest opportunity and strategy given its evolving landscape and then clearly with the launch of Pinterest Assist? And then, Julia, I think you mentioned some pockets to growth in UCAN given tariffs. Wondering if this continued or if things have normalized since then. .

Thanks for the question, Ron. So one of the things I'm most proud of when I look at our results, particularly over the last 3 years is the strength that we have had with users, 9 straight quarters of record high users, in the fact that shopping has been at the very center of the resurgence of our platform. And the core of that is that we've effectively become an AI-driven shopping assistant, as I discussed in my prepared remarks.

And to go a little further on that related to your question on agentic. Pinterest is proactive. It anticipates what users love without the user having to ask. Effectively, that is the promise of agentic that AI is working for you without you having to tell it what to go do. And that's exactly what users experience on Pinterest every day and what is leading to that deep engagement that we understand their style and taste and preferences so well. that every time they open the app, they're getting great new recommendations from our AI-driven systems, and we're making those more and more helpful as evidenced by the Pinterest Assistant that we just announced. We're clearly not standing still. We're going to continue advancing that, and we're going to continue to be centered on our strength in a visual first experience. But adding voice, bringing more of the AI to the foreground, we think will take us further into that AI-driven journey for the user. And our focus, to be clear, is in guiding the user through the decision-making journey. We believe that is the most impactful part of the promise of Agentic.

From a buying perspective, we deliver great buying experiences for our users. For example, we have push button buying with Amazon linked accounts. That's a great experience. We have millions of users using that today where they can buy right within our platform. And if we see users saying they want the AI to push the button for them, that's not a technically complex thing for us to do, but we think actually the more differentiated thing is how we're guiding the user through that journey helping them go further down the commercial journeys every time they come back to our app.

And it's also worth noting, as you've seen other AI platforms really burst onto the scene AI, open AI at 800 million users, that's branded over the last few years. But even if that has happened, we've delivered 9 consecutive quarters of record users while deepening engagement across the metrics that we want, including on search. And within that, a 44% increase in queries in our latest visual search features. So we think that is really clearly demonstrating that we've carved out a unique space for ourselves there. And where -- when you think about that broader promise of agentic AI working on your behalf to guide you through those earnings, I think we are at 600 million-plus monthly active users, I think we are one of the most popular places for us to go in that and doing something unique and distinct from others. And then on the cost side of that, I think there's -- it's really important to understand that just as we've been talking about, our ability to go align the AI with great monetization continues. The cost implications there it's not only about us aligning the assistant with our ability to monetize and how that is renewing great search results that are highly commercial in nature. We have our own proprietary and compact fit-for-purpose models that perform really well. And every pen we serve today is driven by that, and that's really already in our cost structure. And when there are things that we need to do with broader LLM capabilities, we are constantly doing side-by-side testing between both the leading off-the-shelf proprietary models and open source models.

And one of the really, really interesting things that we're seeing is that we are just getting tremendous performance from open source models, specifically for Pinterest use cases on visual AI given current market rates and per ton costs in early testing, we're seeing orders of magnitude reduction in costs with comparable performance using fine-tuned open-source models versus leading off-the-shelf proprietary models. So going forward, we think open source can be applied to many more of our use cases and at a fraction of the cost of the larger model providers using open source. So again, we feel really good about the value that we're bringing to the user there. our ability to align that with monetization and our ability to control those costs and deliver that effectively.

And then, Ron, the second part of your question, I'd say overall, with respect to Q3, the quarter played out largely as we expected. In addition, we saw some of the pullback from some U.S. retailers spend from Asia-based e-commerce players in the U.S. was down year-over-year again in Q3. So relative to Q2, we did see a partial recovery there. As we think about guidance for Q4, our Q4 guidance range is 1 point lower than our guidance range was for Q3 as we see these broader trends and market uncertainty continuing with the addition of a new tariff in Q4 impacting the home furnishings category. So I think overall, we still feel really good about our mid- to high teens kind of revenue growth targets over the medium and long term and the durability of our revenue growth.

There are several areas of momentum in our U-Can business that continue that you've seen over the last several quarters. So One of those has been momentum in emerging verticals, also momentum in smaller and mid-market advertisers and then some of the international opportunity that Bill touched on in his prepared remarks. To put this into perspective, some of these emerging verticals in the U.S. like financial services is nearly a $40 billion digital ad category in the U.S. we estimate that we have less than 0.5 point of market share there, and that category has been growing really nicely for us for some time. We expect this to translate into further share gains in this and other emerging verticals like travel, entertainment and telecom Likewise, smaller and mid-market advertisers today represent only 15% of our revenue as our priority has been to solve the needs of larger enterprise advertisers first. But we're seeing nice tailwinds as these smaller and mid-market advertisers adopt Performance+ campaigns, and we plan to continue to invest more into growing this segment. So while all these initiatives continue to play out over time and that's going to take time to play out. We're confident we have the right playbook to drive further growth, including an UCAN moving forward.

The next question comes from the line of Eric Sheridan with Goldman Sachs.

Maybe building on that answer, just Bill, can you characterize more broadly the digital ad environment that you find yourself operating in, representing Q3 what you just reported and sort of the building back of Q4? And Julia gave some really good color there with respect to UCAN. Can you characterize what you're seeing in UCAN relative to the rest of your operations globally against that broader ad environment?

Thanks, Eric. We're pleased with another strong quarter in Q3 at 17% revenue growth. And as I'm sure you've noted, we've been quite consistent in our growth and in line with the long-term targets for revenue and margin that we laid out at our Investor Day 2 years ago. So we continue to feel good about that mid- to high teens revenue growth target over the long term that we laid out at Investor Day and our ability to consistently deliver. It's also really important to know this gets to your sort of question on sort of the broader environment. It's also important to note that we grew 17% despite operating in an environment where some of our largest retailers in UCAN pull back spend across the industry, not specific to us, a pullback across the industry as a navigated tariff-related margin pressure. And we think that's disproportionately impacting large retailers, but that is a segment that we have more exposure to than other platforms given our focus on shopping though we continue to grow in other verticals and segments of the market in addition to those.

Additionally, as advertisers are adopting AI-driven platforms, there's a next level of optimization in the AI ad platforms that's taking place right now, where bidding is getting further aligned to advertisers measurement sources of truth and more events that lead up to a conversion or being incorporated. We think that presents an upside opportunity moving forward. We began that journey earlier this year with road-based bidding, and we've seen good results there. For example, after launching ROAS bidding in Q1, we saw a 100% increase in shopping SKUs with paid ad impressions across the platform in Q3. And has driven entirely by ROAS bidding adopters, as I noted in my remarks, and more of those advertisers are uploading greater portions of their product catalog. We've talked about that opportunity to get deeper into the catalog even of our largest advertisers. We think this will continue to help us do more of that. Going forward, we see meaningful potential to expand further into AI-based optimization of other events that are valued in advertisers' measurement sources of truth. And while many advertisers have adopted these solutions first with the larger platforms as typical of the adoption cycle, we are testing this with some of our largest partners, and we're seeing really good early results. Certainly, more of that is in front of us than behind us. But the good news is that the alignment of AI bidding with the advertisers measurement source of truth is market expanding. I think we've already seen that reflected in some of the larger platforms and what they have been out in the market with. And that tended to give more credit to events leading up to a conversion, such as view through attribution, which should be good for a full funnel platform like Pinterest. So this should accrue to our advantage in future quarters as we continue to roll out those features are very early on our platform now, but we are seeing good early results. And through our broader deployment of these additional Performance+ solutions in 2026, we think there's continued opportunity there. So we know we're driving performance for advertisers. Clicks to advertisers increased 40% in Q3 and clicks to advertisers outpaced revenue in all of our reported geographies. In fact, Clicks to advertisers were up over 5x over the last 3 years. But clearly, we have more to do to get proper credit for that performance.

The next question comes from the line of Rich Greenfield with LightShed Partners.

Question -- seen that's allowing users to actually remove AI content. I guess the big question is, how do you know what's AI generated? What's not? And why did you make that decision? It seems like a lot of your peers are actually encouraging and want AI content because they want more content to keep people even more engaged, to sell more ads or to build the business. And so it seems like you're sort of doing the opposite, and I'm curious or maybe allowing the opposite versus doing the opposite. Why and help us understand how this all works and why you're doing it?

Yes. Thanks for the question, Rich. So it's a really great clarification. And overall, we see Gen AI created content as a big tailwind for our platform, and we are very much embracing it. Part of embracing it is addressing content quality. And we address content quality primarily through our recommender systems, but then also by giving users choice and saying what they want to see. And so I think you've heard this across pretty much every platform out there, that there are some users and some use cases that would like to see less AI-driven content. And so we're simply giving the user choice, but we're also leveraging all the really great AI-generated content that is available out there. And I think this is not dissimilar to what's happened in prior expansionary moments with content, whether you think about what happened with online video or short form video or the ability for everyone to take a photo with their phone, initially, people react to changes in the volume of quality leading to some examples of lower content quality. But if you have recommender systems that can really parse what's great quality versus not great quality, then you can give users the best of that expanding content corpus. And when you look at the engagement on our platform, I think that we -- I think that demonstrates that we're doing a pretty good job of parsing all that great influx of AI-generated content that's out there and figuring out what's going to be relevant for which user at which moment in time. And then what we're doing is augmenting what our recommender systems can do with the user's ability to give us direct feedback if they want to see less AI-driven content. You do have some use cases where someone might say, well, hey, I'm looking for a specific thing to provide architecture on my home. And so I need to know it's a real picture of something that could actually be built versus something that is AI generated. I think over time, users will accept more and more of that as the quality filters get better and better. But again, overall, we see gene content as a significant tail on the platform already. And it's really about getting the content quality right, which primarily we do behind the scenes on our users' behalf, but we're giving them tools to say when they want to see more or less.

And then specifically to your question of how do you tell. I would say there's not a precise ability for any platform to catch 100% of what is AI generated. There are some industry-level tags that we would act on. There are also things where we're looking at metadata and other indicators that give us indication of that. But that's why we say see less, not see none of because the ability to precisely spot that is not perfect for any platform. And I would just say, over time, I think it will get to a place where almost every piece of content you see will have been at a minimum edited by AI in some form or other -- and there are analogs is if you think back to -- it used to be that people would get really sort of intense or some people get in a sense if photos had been photoshopped. Well it has long since been the case that nearly everything you would see out there would have been not just Photoshop, but you have filters and all these things that even the average person can do. We think that over time, almost every piece of content you see will have been AI modified in some way, and it really will come down to content recommendation and content quality. But in the near term, we're giving users choice and allowing them to express what they want to see in honoring that choice.

The next question comes from the line of Shweta Khajuria with Wolf Research.

I was wondering if you could please talk about your relationship with Magnite and more broadly about your efforts to add new sources of demand and perhaps time line around that?

Thanks for the question, Shweta. We've been very consistent from the beginning as we think about our programmatic and third-party strategy. Our first-party ad demand continues to be the primary driver of our growth. with third-party demand really complementing and rounding out our auction when there may be gaps in the auction.

With respect to Magnite, when we announced that, we said it would take time to integrate test and doing more fulsome go-to-market. We're still working through that testing now, and we're in the early days. Today, most of our efforts have been with respect to 3P have been focused on bringing on new sources of demand on the platform as many of these programmatic budget pools are large and new to Pinterest today. So we continue to see that consistently with how we have before. But I would also call out that there's a next potentially meaningful opportunity that we're also starting to look at that we think that we think we bring a unique audience to these budget pools given the high intent nature of our audience and the visual discovery that uniquely occurs on Pinterest. So as a result, we're also starting to explore very early testing how valuable our audience could be even beyond our own platform. When you think about the very strong commercial intent that we see with our users, obviously, we satisfy a lot of that commercial intent on our platform, but we think that could be helpful beyond our platform. So we're in very early days of testing that.

The next question comes from the line of Mark Kelley with Stifel.

Bill, I appreciate the extra color on Performance+ tonight. I was hoping maybe we could drill into the SMB and kind of mid-market opportunity, just a little bit more. I know you threw out that -- that's that, the 24% higher conversion rate. Is that pretty like standard, whether you're a smaller advertiser versus a more sophisticated and larger brand? And then second, maybe just to clarify, the 10% to 15% of revenue running through P+, was that just an SMB and mid-market stat? And where might that go over time?

Thanks for the question, Mark. So first of all, we feel really great about Performance+ and how well that's working. we're not even a year end to the deployment of that. And as a reminder, the larger platforms are many years into their rollout of this. So we're at year-end, and we feel great about the progress that we've made. People's campaigns or bundled suite of AI-enabled automated features. It's really driving much better performance and reducing the inputs, 50% fewer inputs. So I called a little bit of this out, but for example, retail advertisers using performance plus campaigns are seeing a 24% higher conversion lift versus traditional campaigns. It is also helping significantly as we have bent the smaller and mid-sized advertisers, those tens of millions or hundreds of million -- $20 million to $100 million of GMV, who really value that automation. And for that segment, we see a 12% higher monthly revenue growth rate of adopters of Ps campaigns versus non-adopters and approximately 15% of our current revenue the segment is growing nicely. So there's a lot more to do to deepen share of wallet there. And again, as a reminder, this is a segment of the market that larger platforms have had much more exposure to. We are earlier on this segment of the market. But P+, we see as a significant unlock there and it's having exactly the effect of intended, but we still have a lot more of that opportunity in front of us than behind us. So we're quite excited about what we're seeing from Performance+ there.

And then on the larger segment of this, ROAS bidding, as we've talked about, is really helping us get much deeper into the catalog of our -- of the largest retailers out there. So I've shared 22% of retail lower funnel revenue, both enterprise and SMB. So -- and that's just launched in 2 quarters on ROAS bidding. So road bidding is really having quite an effect. And I shared how much is getting us into many more SKUs. So when we think about ads as relevant content, we want to make sure that we have ads that line what you are actually looking for, getting a much larger portion of large retailers catalog on our platform is super helpful to that and ROAS bidding as a subset of Performance+ we rolled out over the last couple of quarters, effectively has doubled the number of SKUs with a -- that are delivering a paid impression on our platform. And it's because that ROAS bidding allows advertisers to more precisely tune really the AI tunes for them across catalogs with high variation in price points and margin points and those kinds of things. And so we see really great progress everybody I think there's a lot more of that to go. So when we think about, I would just say our opportunity globally, but specifically UCAN, even as we think about growth in UCAN it's really 3 things: the expansion into the full catalog with the largest retailers, driven by more granular bidding like ROAS bidding from Performance+. And so -- we've got good results of that. We're just a couple of quarters and a lot more to do there. They can get us deeper into the catalog to the largest retailers. And then secondly, it's mid-market and SMB driven by Performance+ where we're just getting started in that segment of the market, but seeing really good promising early results. And then the third point that I alluded to in one of my prior answers, the AI-driven alignment of bidding and bidding systems to the advertiser measurement sources of truth. That's giving a clear view of full-funnel attribution and events across the funnel. And other larger platforms have fully roll that out. We are just getting started testing on some of our legist advertisers. We're seeing really promising early results there. So we think that will -- that's having an expansionary effect that you're seeing with some of the largest platforms out there. We think that's a real opportunity for us as we look into next year. So hopefully that helps give a little more color on the broader sort of things we're thinking about with Performance+ there.

The next question comes from the line of Ross Sandler with Barclays.

Great. Just want to bring Julia in on key investment priorities for next year. And how do we think about the pace of EBITDA margin expansion in '26 compared to the pace we're seeing in second half '25? And then, Bill, just a follow-up on the agentic question. So Walmart's integrating its catalog into ChatGPT for this checkout service. I know it's early days, but for something like that, do you view that as neutral, positive, negative in terms of where that kind of a marketer might move their Pinterest ad budget in the future? Is this going to help you guys or potentially create a new headwind? Any thoughts there?

Thanks, Ross. I'll take the first question. So it's still a bit too early to talk specifically about 2026 as we're still reviewing those plans internally. But stepping back, we still feel confident in the long-term margin targets that we provided in 2023. And at that time, just as a reminder, we said we would target a 30% to 34% adjusted EBITDA margin over a 3- to 5-year time horizon. So now here in 2025, we're already approaching 30% for the full year. So we've made a lot of progress already by growing the top line while investing thoughtfully primarily in R&D and to a lesser extent, the sales area as well. So looking forward, we continue to see many investment opportunities with high ROI, particularly across AI. Power user experiences, including our new Pinterest Assistant, which we believe will help keep us on the leading edge in visual search and discovery as well as ongoing investment in our performance ads platform.

On the gross margin line, in aggregate, we expect cost of revenue next year to grow more in line with the business going forward, so there can be some variations quarter-to-quarter, and there are a few factors at play there that I'll call out. Cost of revenue, which is mostly our infrastructure costs will naturally rise, of course, due to kind of ongoing user and engagement growth. Additionally, we've previewed for multiple quarters now on several calls that we expect to see diminishing returns from the infrastructure cost optimization work that we've undertaken for the last 2-plus years. Now partially offsetting this kind of natural upward pressure on cost of revenue is the fact that we're able to apply AI use cases sort of directly in service to monetization, where we see immediate revenue lift, right? So we're not rolling out new features and then planning to monetize them years later. They monetize right away. So part of our general philosophy. We're also being cost efficient with our model usage, including, as Bill alluded to, utilizing open source models where applicable that come at a meaningful reduction in costs. So -- in summary, we continue to stand by our long-term adjusted EBITDA margin targets that we've always said, though, that the rate of adjusted EBITDA margin expansion would vary year-to-year. We've made a lot of progress towards these goals, and we'll continue to be thoughtful about how we invest moving forward as well.

And then following up on your agentic commerce part of the question, Ross. A couple of things I'd say. One is that for the largest retailers, we have catalog integrations. I shared how we're getting deeper into their catalog with our Performance+ capabilities and root level bidding and things like us getting a much broader part of the catalog available for ads, but we have those catalogs for organic shopping for push button type buying and linked accounts. We have that with Amazon. We've had that for some time in millions of users on Pinterest to take advantage of that and have a great experience. So we feel really great about the shopping experience that we're providing. And I think overall, I would just say it's worth noting that there's an expansionary moment happening with search generally. And I think users just as I did in an app-driven world, are thinking about different places to go for different types of experiences. Traditional search was always great for things like product research. And I think broad-based chat bots are sort of the next evolution of that sort of research type of shopping behavior if you're trying to figure out like every attribute of the latest 4K Ultra TV or things like that. Search was -- traditional search was always great for that, and then chatbots are even better for that. But we're solving a different type of shopping journey on Pinterest, really the more the -- I'll know when I see it a tight problem. And the best evidence I can share of users think about these things as distinct and separate is that over the last couple of years as you've had an explosion of usage in AI chat bots, we've put up 9 straight quarters of record high user growth, shopping being at the very center of that. And it's because we're taking a visual first approach driven off the human curation that happens on our platform where we just understand user style and taste and preference. We just have a unique signal is completely distinct from any place else in the western world, and that's why we're able to do things like what we've showed on our -- the relevancy of our latest multimodal visual search models, where we're able to outperform the off-the-shelf models by over 34 percentage points on the relevance of shopping recommendations on our platform. That just gets you to a bit of the kind of unique things we're able to do with users. And so I think, again, it's a market-expanding moment. Multiple players are growing simultaneously. And very clearly, we are one of those players that is growing, delivering a lot of value for users a tremendous of shopping occurring on the platform. And in terms of not searching happening on the platform, I shared that in my prepared remarks, the 80 billion-plus monthly queries, the vast majority of which are visual in nature, which just, again, gets to how we're doing something that's very different than traditional search or even what chatbots are doing. So hopefully, that helps contextualize that.

The next question comes from the line of John Blackledge with TD Securities (sic) [Cowen]

Great. PINS historically has had all of its infrastructure running through AWS. Given the move in recent years of companies shifting to multiple cloud vendors, how should we think about PINS potentially diversifying to other cloud platforms?

Thanks, John. So first, I'd say we view our infrastructure and platform as strategic assets that support our performance, reliability and our AI road map. And on a fantastic partner for us, to be very clear. But in the same way that we are constantly testing all the various LLMs and benchmarking different LLMs across one another. We're also constantly assessing the best infrastructure options for us as we move forward, especially in an AI-driven world. And that infrastructure includes LLM, chip providers and hyperscalers. So again, if you look at what we've done over the last few years, you've seen us put AI at the center of our business, really effectively align that with the ability to monetize for users to deliver great results for users and do so cost effectively. And again, we've had great partnerships there. But the space is evolving rapidly, and we continue to pay really close attention to that and Denmark across multiple providers on each of those sort of layers of the stack. Hopefully, that's helpful.

This will be the last question from Michael Morris with Guldenheim.

Bill, you referenced a couple of times deepening engagement per user. And I'm hoping you can add some context to that. Are you talking about time spent per visit or frequency or some other metric? And do you see that as a leading indicator of reaccelerated growth in the UCAN market? And then secondly, on international, the growth there is significant. That has accelerated. How much runway do you fee to continue to grow internationally at that elevated level? And maybe -- you gave us a few drivers, but what do you see as the 1 or 2 key drivers as we look forward?

Yes. Thanks for the question, Mike. On the DP engagement per user, we talked about this very consistently over many quarters now is that we are deepen engagement per user across the areas that we want, which are around search, curation, clicks and actions. And I share a little more color on this call around the search behavior where we are getting more searches per user. So it's not just our searches are growing, we are getting more searches per user. We are getting it in the ways that we won't particularly on where we are very highly differentiated around our visual searches related items and other forms of visual searches drive the vast majority of that search behavior, but it is more searches per user happening on our platform even as we put up record high levels of users and also significantly growing actionability last year, just how much the clicks to advertisers have grown 5x over the last 3 years, we're driving a tremendous amount of clicks to advertisers. So it is that great relevancy driving great recommendations that leads to actionability that leads to more users coming back for more searches and more actions like that is that flywheel is spending on the deepening user engagement.

And to your question around is that a leading into monetization, I think absolutely yes. What I would say is that 3 years ago, Pinterest was pretty much upper funnel only. We've had a major transformation of the business, both in terms of user engagement, which, again, I think, continues to be the brightest spot in the business. And advertisers will always follow where users and commercial intent are. We stood up a performance ad platform pretty much from scratch over the last couple of years. And we are still a long way from having the capabilities of the very largest platforms. But even as we've made the basic capabilities of that available, we've really broken into those always on performance budgets. We have a lot more to do there. And with UCAN specifically, I shared those sort of 3 areas where I think there is significant opportunity around getting deeper in the full catalog of the largest retailers mid-market and SMB that are really driving a lot of the growth across the broader market, but it's a newer area for us. And the alignment of AI bidding systems and advertiser and sauces giving a clear view of full funnel attribution. I think those are things that will help us capture more of that value that we are driving. But I do think absolutely yes. Is generally true that user behavior is a leading indicator of where the advertiser dollars are going to follow. And we have the largest platforms are many years into their AI-driven ad systems, we are only a couple of years into ours. But because the user behavior is so strong, that's what's really letting us make progress.

And on the international side, as I shared in my prepared remarks, the playbook that we have used in UCAN, we are now exporting and we're seeing that really take hold internationally. We are still early on in our work there. We have a lot more of that opportunity in front of us, but we're really pleased with the progress we've made and how it's starting to show results. As I noted in Q3, Europe ARPU grew 31%, while rest of world ARPU grew 44%. We have a lot more of that to do. And I shared in my remarks, how shopping ads are really at the center of what's driving that. So is that commercial -- commercial behavior. So a lot more of that to go, but it's what's working in U.K. is exporting well. And again, to put it in perspective, 2 years ago at our Investor Day in September of '23, shopping ads represented just 9% of international revenue. In Q3 of 2025, it reached 30%. So Q3 shopping on revenue in both Europe and Rest of World grew over 2x faster than revenue growth of their respective regions. So we believe there's many years of runway of continuing to grow ARPU as we increase product catalogs, add additional ad demand, drive up relevance and thus, our ability to take a bad load, certainly for international, but again this year, we think there's a lot more to do in you can as well.

Thank you. I will now hand the call over to Bill Ready, CEO, for any closing remarks.

Thanks again to all of you for joining the call and for your questions. We look forward to keeping this dialogue going, and we hope you enjoy the rest of your day.

That concludes today's conference call. Thank you. You may now disconnect your lines.

Okay. I think with that, we're going to get going on the next one. Okay. So it's my pleasure to have the team from Pinterest here for our second fireside chat of the day. With me is Bill Ready, CEO. I'm going to read a quick safe harbor, and then Bill and I are going to get into the back and forth into the dialogue. So some of the statements that Pinterest will make today may be considered forward-looking. These statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. Any forward-looking statements that Pinterest makes are based on assumptions as of today, and Pinterest undertakes no obligation to update them. Please refer to Pinterest's latest Form 10-Q and Form 10-K for a discussion of the risk factors that may affect its results. Okay. So we've put the safe harbor behind us.

Bill, thanks, as always, for being part of the conference. You've always been great about making yourself available. So I really appreciate it. To level set, here we are. We're in the second half of 2025. I wanted to talk a little bit about your key strategic priorities for the business, how they've been progressing as you move through '25 and we will use that as a jumping off point for the conversation.

Yes. Excellent. Well, we did our Investor Day almost 2 years ago now and strategy has been consistent with that. And I think if you look back at that our execution has really aligned very directly with what we laid out there, both in terms of what we're doing and the results that it's delivering. So on what we're doing, our strategy to make Pinterest a shopping destination with visual search curation and AI fueled off that unique curation behavior has really played out. And then leveraging that to turn Pinterest into a true performance ad platform. And so the things that I'd point to with that 8 straight quarters of record high users. Gen Z is now more than 50% of the platform.

So 3 years ago, when I came in as CEO, users were declining, the narratives of the Pinterest was aging up and aging out. This strategy has been so successful that 8 straight quarters of record high users. Gen Z is now the largest, fastest-growing demographic, over 50% of our users.

We're growing across all geographies, all generations that we track. And at the core of that is the shopability of the platform. And the shopability of the platform is being driven by using AI, tuned on a unique curation behavior within Pinterest. It's truly unique in the Western world. in terms of users making -- we have nearly 600 million users on the platform and what they're doing is associating products all the time and associating products as to like what products go together, what fits their taste and style and that curation signal, this is the thing I saw from my prior seat at Google is like in this AI-driven world, if you have unique signal, you're going to able to do really unique things with the AI and that's really at the heart of why it's not just that we're winning with Gen Z.

Again, we're growing across all the generations that we track. Shopping is at the core of that, driving that actionability, the performance ad platform also using AI to drive results for advertisers all that has hung together really well. And you see that delivering the solid mid- to high teens growth that we talked about at our Investor Day as well as helping us drive margin expansion cash flow generation while also being more relevant to our users than we have ever been with our best product market fit ever.

Got it. And in terms of just on the go forward, how should we think about how some of those priorities might change looking out over the next 12 to 18 months, if at all?

Well, a couple of things I'd say. So we see that strategy working exceptionally well. A good strategy has multiple phases to it. And I'd say, over the last 3 years, we've laid a lot of foundation on these things. But we've created a flywheel effect on multiple of these. We also talked about this at our Investor Day as well, that the ads can be great content when we have shopping behavior when the users in a commercial context, they don't care whether it's organic versus ads as long as you show them the right product.

We're making that flywheel spin, but we're also using the AI to drive better and better visual search capability. So the way this manifests for users, if you ask Gen Z why they're coming to Pinterest, One of the first things they'll say is, well, Pinterest just gets me. Well, what's behind Pinterest just gets me. It's using the AI to make really, really relevant shopping recommendations. And now we're bringing that -- we started laying foundation with AI in the background around recommendations. Some of the things you're starting to see us doing this gets more to your question of like what you can expect going forward.

We're bringing more and more of that to the foreground now, right? So with our visual search that we talked about. Visual search. Visual search has sort of always been at the core of Pinterest, but the visual search keeps getting better and better. I shared that our latest multimodal visual search models that are proprietary and in-house trained on our unique signal are outperforming off-the-shelf models by 34 percentage points on the relevancy of their shopping recommendations and so that's the tech behind it, but that's letting us do great new experiences directly to the user around how they can search individual elements of an image, how they can curate more and more of the individual elements of an image.

And starting to bring things to the user that also give them more language when they didn't have it. What we're really competing for is visual search. And in that world, what we're solving is the -- I'll know it when I see a problem. It's very different than the way sort of chat bots and general purpose search pursues that. We're solving the I'll know when I see a problem, and that is working quite well. In fact, so well. Adobe put out a study, it's not something we sponsored and independent of us. But that's 39% of Gen Z starts their searches on Pinterest. So how well is that shift to visual search and using the AI going, 39% of Gen Z is saying they start their searches on Pinterest.

So expect more and more of us bringing purely visual experiences, AI forward, helping people solve more and more of their commercial journeys with a great visual search experience with AI at the foreground.

So maybe just 1 quick follow-up on that. So with visual search at the core, when you think about -- and you actually have a background in this from your time at Google, how do you think about the shifting competitive landscape for search and positioning Pinterest visual search against your world view for that competitive landscape.

It's a great question. So step back a little bit, even before you got to the sort of latest round of AI, search has been fragmenting for years, right? Google continues to be fantastic for general purpose search. But over the last 15 years, you've had lots of even as they were growing very nicely, search fragmenting and competition increasing. How many products searches start on Amazon versus Google? How many travel searches start on a Booking or an Expedia rather than Google. And so there's been this sort of fragmentation and verticalization of search, it's been a decade-plus long trend. My view with Pinterest was not that we would go solve general purpose search and compete for anything that you might search for, but that around purely visual search, particularly shopping at the center that was an ownable space.

And particularly, one of the things I've talked about before that the first 25 years of e-commerce sort of solved buying, but killed shopping. The distinction being that the utilitarian part of the journey had been solved. If I knew what I want -- if I knew what I wanted, there were tools, Google, Amazon or the things that would help me get it the cheapest and the fastest. But if I didn't yet know what I wanted, if I didn't have the words to express what I was looking for, there weren't great tools for that. And if you look at the 75% or so of commerce that still exists outside the digital world, that's a lot of what people are doing is well, "Hey, I need to go look, I need to go sort of walk through a store, I need to go walk to bazaar, how do you solve that?"

Well, that's an entirely new space in my mind. And I think you're seeing that that's -- we're being quite effective at solving for that. And it's a rapidly growing pie. Even as search fragments, the pie is expanding because there's a lot of the experience that hadn't yet digitized, so we're going after new experiences that hadn't digitized, I'll know it when I see a problem and bringing that into the digital world. And that's -- and I think that's a unique ownable space and you're seeing that play out for us that even as you have lots of others that have introduced new experiences, chat bots and things like that are -- were 8 straight quarters of record high users and Pinterest is a platform being Gen-Z, they see us as a -- 39% see us as the first place to search. That's a great demonstration of the fact that they see us, our users see us as a unique experience separate from what's happening elsewhere and both can grow simultaneously in our.

Got it. So building on that Gen Z point, just in terms of the engagement levels you're seeing from Gen Z, how do you think about sort of building towards sustaining and building further momentum on top of that engagement on top of that user growth, what do you think about your product road map and sort of sustaining that in the years ahead?

Yes. So when I think -- I think about share of wallet on 2 perspectives, share of wallet with our user, our consumer and then share of wallet with our advertisers. And I'd say on both, where we are 3 years in, we have made tremendous progress improving Pinterest as a shopping destination, right? And we are a destination. 85% of our users come to our mobile app directly, 100% of our users are logged in. We are a destination. We are not nearly SEO dependent as others. We are a destination.

But how do we continue to differentiate that? We see that we are still, even as we have made tremendous progress, a relatively small portion of the overall share of wallet. And we've talked about on some of our earnings calls how shopping and retail has been a strength, but we see financial services that is adjacent to that becoming a strength. We talked about other emerging categories like autos and things like that, where -- or travel where our visual first experiences apply to a lot of other commercial journey. So I think that's opportunity for us to continue expanding share of wallet with our consumer as well as share of wallet with our advertiser where we've talked about how we've started to break in more and more to the always-on performance budgets of the advertisers, particularly with the largest, most sophisticated. But even there, we continue to gain more of the catalog, deepen share of wallet there.

Even as we go into more and more advertisers, we talked about that sort of $1 billion to $30 billion GMV group is our next segment. How we're starting to pick up traction there and then SMB after that. Well, those are all new buying experiences to come on to the platform that deepen the share of wallet with the advertiser but also give us more great products to show users that make it so that users see us as a great place to go for more and more of the things they're shopping for.

Got it. And in terms of continuing to build momentum there, how do you think about what's in your control in terms of product road map on the shopping side in the years ahead versus some of the threats or challenges people talk about when they talk about maybe a shift towards Agentic shopping over time. How do you think about balancing opportunities and the challenges.

Well, what I'd say the things that are directly in our control, we feel really great about the relevancy of our recommendations. We talked about we've more than doubled the relevancy of our search results over the last couple of years, our taste graph growing 75% so all the things within our control, we feel really great about. We also feel really great about the way that we're managing the ecosystem. So when you talk about new experiences like an Agentic, you really need to have thoughtful management of the ecosystem.

And if you step back from it, we don't call it Agentic because that's not how our users think about it. But when you just say things like Pinterest just gets me or I started a bit of my journey, but then I came back 2 days later and Pinterest had all these great recommendations for other things I needed to buy to complete or help me finish the journey. What is Agentic? It's helping users complete journeys. We're taking users in a completely automated way through more and more of the journey using AI. And so we feel like we are very well positioned around sort of the broader notion of Agentic experiences where people will look for the AI to take them further and deeper through journeys. At the same time, I think we're striking a good balance in the ecosystem management where -- and I've got past experience on this, where a lot of the sort of what the tech platforms would like to do around completing these experiences.

Like Agentic buying is not really a new thing. There's a thing called Google Duplex. If you remember that product, it was out for many years. And with a lot of those retailer participation is going to really matter. Understanding the user and what the user really wants matters. Retailers are not going to be happy about being relegated to dumb pipes and being disintermediated from the consumer. So when you look at the experiences that we're creating that create really seamless buying, we've done things like with Amazon, where you can do a one-tap buy right inside our platform but it's clearly branded as Amazon.

You don't even have to use our -- leave our platform to do it. You can just tap buy and the purchase just happens, but it's clearly Amazon-branded, they're clearly still getting a customer not just a transaction. So I think we've been laying a lot of the right foundation for the retailers and the ecosystem to feel like we are not making this intermediation play. We're actually still bringing them a customer. And from a user perspective, keeping them in the loop, keeping them in control, but then taking them much deeper in these journeys and then they can be in the loop when they're ready to complete. And I think that's actually what we're going to see a lot more of for the next couple of years versus telling the agent just go buy everything for me, let me know how it works out. And that sort of litmus test I always give people to sort of conceptualize this.

Think about the person that knows you best in your life, whoever that is, spouse or whoever, would you let that person pack your suitcase for a 2-week trip without you looking at anything that's in the suitcase? I have yet to meet a person that said yes to that question. And so the bar for what it takes to allow an agent to like fully complete your shopping journey, that bar isn't just be better than a human. It's be better than the human that knows you best in your life. So I think people are going to want to be in the loop for a while.

But I do think and we're seeing it on our platform, back like we basically created an AI-enabled shopping assistant already without calling it that is that people are very happy when you take them right up to the end of that journey and say, yes, that's the thing. That's it. And so if you lay all the stuff out and said, "Hey, I think I have got your suitcase, Is this right?" Yes, yes, yes. No. Yes, that was very helpful. Just back the whole thing, and I don't need to look and it just shows up on my doorstep. I don't think people are there yet someday, but I think that's not what's next. But if we look at what I think people are ready for in the here and now, we feel really great about how we're progressing that and how we're balancing the -- making sure it's great value for the retailers as well.

Understood. Okay. I like that test. I'm not going to ask my wife that. Switching to the advertising environment. What are the key messages you guys are receiving as a company broadly from advertisers about the operating environment today. And how is Pinterest roll in that environment, whether measured by brand spend or performance marketing spend continuing to evolve?

Well, we have really proven out Pinterest as a performance ads platform. I think when you look at not just where we are but the progress we've made in 3 years' time, Three years ago, Pinterest was almost entirely upper funnel brand ads, right? There were very few clicks and conversions happening on the platform. Now we are primarily a performance ad platform. So we've talked about strength with the largest, most sophisticated retailers out there. For those advertisers, we see 90% plus of their spend with us now is performance driven, right?

And so we have a very -- and I think it's a pretty unique thing. You haven't had somebody really break into performance budgets, particularly search performance budgets in a long time and we're carving out a space for ourself there. Now we're still as much progress as we made, I'd say still pretty early innings, which means there's a lot of runway ahead but I think we have very much proven out a role for ourselves because of the unique nature of our consumer shopping experience, right? So we've built up the basic components of a performance ad platform certainly not to the degree that the very largest have done because they've been at it for 20-plus years.

But in the last few years, we've stood up the basic components of a performance ad platform and then use that to tap into this completely unique shopping experience that happens on Pinterest, where users curate and then now increasingly take action, that's advertisers, particularly those are engaging in shopping and things that are shopping adjacent are seeing that as a really unique opportunity. We're able to drive performance increasingly through AI-enabled tools like Pinterest Performance Plus that's making it so that we cut their campaign creation time in half make it easier for them to come on board, those things are working well.

And then I think some of what was embedded in your question also was just you talked about the operating environment, sort of the macro and those things. And my comments here will be very consistent with what Julia and I talked about on our most recent earnings call, which is, I think, the macro, particularly for advertising is more constructive than it was at sort of peak tariff uncertainty. At the same time, there are puts and takes in the market, right? And I think even since our earnings call, you've seen other earnings calls happen since then where you see some of these puts and takes playing out? Do you see some of the very largest retailers talking about margin pressure from cost of tariffs and things like that.

But then you also hear those that cover small businesses, like the Shopifys of the world, talking about how well the small businesses are able to be dynamic and ship supply chains or raise prices to cover these things. And so you see how different parts of the market are handling that differently. So we played through those puts and takes previously. And I think 1 of the things that we've continued to demonstrate back to that consistent mid- to high teens growth is that we laid out at our Investor Day multiple ways to win. And so when we did face a bit of tariff uncertainty last quarter, you saw us play through that, I think, quite well coming in ahead of top of our guidance ahead of expectations or at least the analyst expectations anyway, it doesn't mean everybody's expectations.

And a big part of that was because we have multiple levers there, where even with a little bit of pressure in the U.S. from tariffs, we saw advertisers redistributing spend to international and international really picking up steam for us. And so I'd say the macro, again, very consistent with what we talked about at our last earnings, but you've now since seen others report earnings, and you see some of those puts and takes around there are places where there are pockets of strength like small business, which is a newer but growing exposure for us in a very positive way. But also we have some retailers feeling margin pressure. And so that means we're going to demand more performance than ever. And good news, we've been very focused on delivering performance for them.

Got it. And that's the externality that's the stuff that's sort of out of your control. When you pivot back the conversation to the stuff in your control. Talk a little bit about some of these mechanisms for monetization you're building for the long term. You talked there about Performance Plus. We've written positively about that from our own advertising industry conversations. But talk a little bit about the building blocks you're putting in place to continue to drive Pinterest as a platform towards more always on, more performance marketing dollars, more lower funnel conversion over time.

Yes. Well, maybe I'll start before I come to the ad side of it. The hardest thing in these is always getting the consumer behavior. That's always the hardest getting consumers to shop and engage and purchase that's the hardest thing to do. If you've got that, then it's sort of basic mechanics like how do you help advertisers tap into that. So I talked about the 8 straight quarters of record high users. You've also seen from us, I think this was maybe overlooked a bit in the last quarter, like in U-CAN, our largest revenue market we saw the fastest user growth, year-on-year user growth in U-CAN that we've seen since Q1 of 2021.

And we have seasonality in our business, which is why sometimes people miss that because of sequential, but you've got to look at the year-on-year so the seasonality doesn't mislead you. And year-on-year growth for U-CAN users was our fastest growth rate since 2021. So acceleration there even after 8 straight quarters of record high users overall. So we're getting really great user engagement. And then further to that, how are we getting the engagement. We've talked about even as we're hitting record high users, we are deepening engagement per user.

The way that we're doing that is with search and actionability at the core. So if you think about like query growth on our platform, even traditional queries, query growth is growing faster than user growth. Then within that, we're getting more and more people to visual search type experiences. So our visual search engagement, particularly when denominated by like the amount of clicks that we drive, right, because you want to drive actionability while you've got search queries with traditional search queries will be growing faster than users.

The visual search engagement driven by total clicks growing even faster than that. And then ad clicks growing even faster than that. And so we've talked about that dynamic before, like the deep engagement and the acceleration or the higher growth rates of the types of engagement that we want and those things being very commercial. That all is playing out very, very nicely, including our newest experiences like visual search and specifically my comments there around like related items, right, which is a purely visual search type experience on our platform that we continue to advance.

Then on the advertiser side, what we've been doing is make it easier and easier for them to tap into that, right? So I sort of think of this is like 3 legs of the stool that, first, we needed to go drive clicks and conversions to the advertisers. So a couple of years -- actually, roughly 2 years ago, we launched mobile deep links and direct links. That sent much more traffic to the advertisers. Then we came behind that and provided measurement solutions that made it so the advertisers could measure that, and that was really sort of start of last year.

We drove a lot of adoption through last year. And then at the end of last year, we launched Performance Plus, which was a third leg of the stool, which is the sort of automation suite to go make campaign creation instead of really seamless and easy cut campaign creation time in half. So now we're seeing all that really, really working and continuing to drive forward. And so we're taking that from the largest advertisers into the mid-market and small business, mid-market, we define is more like $1 billion to $30 billion in GMV.

That's been a multi-quarter phenomenon of deepening engagement there. SMBs, we're starting to see really good early signs with SMBs now the Performance Plus is out there. And international, we were taking that shopping playbook to the international markets and you've seen the denominators there are still small relative to U-CAN for us. But it's a huge opportunity. We have 80% plus of our users outside the U.S., but only roughly 20% of our revenue addressing that imbalance is a huge opportunity, and this is sort of the sequence of events we expected that we needed to solve shopping in our largest home market first.

But now we're deploying that to international, and you see that in the very nice growth rates we're putting up on international. So those are ways that just broad strokes, how I think about that continuing to play forward and the AI at the center of that. I think we're just -- all these things, I've said repeatedly like no hockey sticks, these are multi-quarter, multiyear. The shift to these AI-driven experiences in the kind of efficiencies that can be driven on this. This is a -- for the industry. This is a multiyear phenomenon and there's still a huge amount of sort of pie expansion to happen.

When you think about just how many ad dollars are still spent in inefficient places where you don't get great performance. All advertising dollars are eventually going to be performance advertising dollars. And I think the unique shopping behavior that we have our ability to help advertisers tap into that in a seamless way that's driving performance for them, I think, is carving out a nice place for ourselves in that, and there's multiple years of that runway ahead.

Maybe following up on that and maybe first starting with just partnerships, but it dovetails into international. How do you think about some of these efforts scaling and how much of it is elements of partnerships you've struck as much as its elements of owned and operated and building and scaling yourself. I think international is a good example, maybe to double-click on that.

Absolutely, yes. And I think it's also -- as we've done all these things, as we've built this performance ad platform doubled down on AI, really completely revitalized the platform. We've also delivered great margin expansion. So we're making this profitable growth, great cash flow generation and this gets to your question around how we use partnerships. We're being really thoughtful about how we make investments that are high ROI. On the AI side, that is like we build in-house for things that are truly unique to us but then we can leverage things off the shelf and tune them on our AI to get even better results. That makes us really efficient with how we deploy AI dollars.

On sales, in our largest markets, we -- first party sales is absolutely a focus for us. When we talked about expanding, we said, okay, we can work with partners to go round out gaps in the auction in smaller international markets where it may be less efficient for us to go fully do first-party sales, we can use partnerships to enter those, whether those be third-party ads, whether those are resellers, whether those are agencies and we use a composite of those things and sort of the balance between those shifts where larger markets, we tend to be much more first-party. Other places where it would be less efficient for us to do fully first party.

We'll mix in more partnerships to make us very sort of capital efficient on those things. And we see that working out really well. And I think when you survey those partners, particularly around agencies that given Pinterest didn't have much in the way of performance advertising 3 years ago, our agency partnerships are still new and evolving, but we see really, really good strength there, and to be very clear, unlike some others in the space who think that AI is just going to replace the agencies like we think the agencies are going to have a real meaningful role to play for some time, and we're very focused on how we partner closely with them, bring them into the equation.

And I think there's channel checks and things out there that talk about that where you hear from those agencies, I think the ones that are working with us are seeing more and more that we're delivering great performance and want to lean in there. So the partnership's aspect, partnerships with large, whether that's agencies, resellers, third-party, we think those are doing exactly what we hope to do, which is helping us be really efficient going into new markets or new areas of the auction where we needed to round out gaps. And we're demonstrating performance for them, making them part of the equation in a way that they feel good about as well.

Maybe just 1 quick follow-up. I think investors generally understand the opportunity when they see the base of users internationally versus the current level of monetization. Talk a little bit about what are the unique challenges internationally that maybe you don't face in North America that just sort of make that something that could play out over years and that people just need to maybe have some framing around like duration of execution.

I mean, I think all these things play out over years, even North America is we're 3 years in, and we have many years to go, and we continue to gain share of wallet with our users back to like deepening engagement per user, even as we grow users. But international, there are 2 things I'd say. One, the AI-driven experiences, the shopping experiences that we're driving, those are working at a global level. You see that in our growth rates. If you look at our -- I talked about how we're quite happy about how our U-CAN user growth rate was the highest it's been since Q1 of 2021. Well, our international growth rates on users is even higher. So the things we're doing around visual search, AI-driven recommendations, that is working at a global level.

But then to your question, like the multiyear trend or the multiyear duration on these things, there are some things that you need to do to solve 4 specific markets where shopping may happen slightly differently in some markets versus the next. I've solved that multiple times in past lives. These are very solvable. I just think about it is like you want to be sort of 95% global and then solve that 5% last mile or last kilometer in those international markets. And so that takes time, but we're actually seeing the generalizable part of that play out really well and it's reflected in our growth rates.

And again, that's a general phenomenon I've talked about of query growth being faster than user growth and then the actionability and the clicks being faster than that, particularly around the monetizable clicks. That general phenomenon is playing out globally for us. So I think the generalizable part of that is holding globally. We don't have to do a totally different product market by market, but there are sort of last kilometer of things that you need to do in some of these markets. And so that's where it played out over multiple years. But you can see reflected in our revenue growth rates in those international markets that we are picking up steam there.

Okay. I know we only have a few minutes left. So I wanted to end on sort of a bigger picture question that maybe ties some of this together. So we've talked a lot about AI development. Talk to us a little bit about how your priorities around AI development, most anchor around where you want to take visual search for the medium to long term. And where you want to take visual search, how does that feed into dynamics around competitive advantages for the platform? How does the data that Pinterest have feed into that broader dynamic when you think out over the next sort of 3 to 5 years?

Yes. This is the most differentiated thing, this is -- I've talked about from the day I joined. The curation that happens on Pinterest is truly a unique signal to feed the AI. It's something in past life is like you say, "Hey, we know everything that you buy, right?" But while there are other players that may know everything you bought, everything in your closet, they generally have no idea how you style it into an outfit. How do you pair those products together, right? And I'm not talking like the easy product associations like, "Oh, you just bought your first bag of dog food like you're going to need a whole bunch of other dog accessories like that's super easy." Which handbag looks good with which outfits and which one is actually aligned to you. And when we talk about our taste graph having grown 75% over the last 2 years, that is hundreds of millions of people on our platform every day, making these product associations where that lets them -- it's not just that we can personalize better for that user.

The next user can come in with just a very small starting point of maybe like I like that handbag. And we will know how many, many other people styled an outfit around that handbag. But even better than that, we know the intersection between how other people style that handbag and those that have tastes similar to your own style that handbag and then we can make a recommendation, then lets the users back to so many of our users say, "Well, Pinterest just gets me, right?" We're not ready to replace the most trusted person in your life yet for what you're doing with shopping, but we're going after that kind of joyful experience, right? Not utilitarian part of the people that want to get away from shopping. It's like, send a bot off to go do this for me, so I don't have to worry about it, the utilitarian journeys, make sure I don't run out of milk and eggs and detergent, bots may be good for that.

But the stuff that is -- there's a joyful aspect of shopping for so much of what is shopping where people want to be involved in what they're choosing, they just want help and assistance. That is going really well. And it is that unique curation signal that lets us tune the AI in ways others can't. So again, like our latest multimodal visual search model, which is proprietary and built in-house on our unique signal outperforms the most popular off-the-shelf models by over 34 percentage points on the relevancy of the shopping recommendations. And that is, one, we have a very focused effort. We're not trying to win generalizable sort of anything you can ask the model, but focus on shopping recommendations, we're able to do that when we have some great AI engineers, but also we have really unique signal around those product associations.

And I've shared this in other examples where I've said even when we take the off-the-shelf models and retrain them when we're using them for things that we don't want to build ourselves, even in cases where we say, we're going to take something off the shelf to be cost effective, but we're going to retrain it on our signal. I've shared that we'd see 300 basis points of lift just from training of our unique signal, which gets to that curation behavior, which, again, at least from my vantage point, is totally unique in the Western world, and I think is at the core of our advantage here and our ability to do things that are truly unique.

And so again, that flywheel spinning, users are curating more and more, gives us more signal, lets us make better recommendations, brings more users to the platform, gains more share of wallet, spins the flywheel but even more unique signals to train the AI, even more ability to bring advertisers in that, we see that flywheel spinning. And that was very much the theory of the case 3 years ago. A lot needed to go right for that to work. When I look back over the last 3 years, like it has gone exceptionally well. There's always use I'd like to grow this part a little faster, that part a little faster.

But overall, that has gone exceptionally well and that unique curation signal, I think, is something that people don't still -- I think a lot of them still don't fully appreciate just how important that is. It's -- in the Western world, I don't have another experience out there that has that signal. And that's why you see us really gaining share in search back to 39% of Gen Zs as Pinterest is a first place to go search. And now they're more than half the platform, that's the best evidence I can give you of just how effective that has been even as we still have a ton more to build.

Okay. Well, Bill, I always appreciate the opportunity to have a conversation. Thanks so much for the conference. Please join me and thank you Pinterest for being part of the conference this year.

Thank you, Eric.

[Audio Gap] My name is Matt, and I'll be the moderator for today's call. [Operator Instructions] I'd now like to pass the conference over to our host, Andrew Somberg, Vice President of Investor Relations and Treasury. Andrew, please go ahead. .

Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us. Welcome to Pinterest's earnings call for the second quarter ended June 30, 2025. My name is Andrew Somberg, and I'm Vice President of Investor Relations and Treasury for Pinterest. Joining me on today's call are Bill Ready, Pinterest CEO; and Julia Donnelly, our CFO. This conference call is being webcast, and we are also providing a slide presentation to accompany our commentary. Please refer to our Investor Relations website at investor.pinterest.com to find today's presentation webcast and earnings press release.

Some of the statements that we make today regarding our performance, operations and outlook, may be considered forward-looking, and such statements involve a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. In addition, our results, trends and outlook for Q3, 2025 and beyond are preliminary and are not an assurance of future performance. We are making these forward-looking statements based on information available to us as of today. And we expressly disclaim any duty or obligation to update them later unless required by law. For more information about assumptions, risks, uncertainties and other factors that could affect our results, please refer to our most recent Form 10-Q and Form 10-K, each filed with the SEC and available on our Investor Relations website.

During this call, we will present both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. A reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures is included in today's earnings press release and presentation, which are distributed and available to the public through our Investor Relations website.

Lastly, all growth rates discussed in today's prepared remarks should be considered year-over-year unless otherwise specified.

And now I'll turn the call over to Bill.

Thanks, Andrew. Good afternoon, and thank you for joining our second quarter 2025 earnings call. Over the past 3 years, we have made meaningful progress in transforming our product and business to take advantage of the full potential of interest. This means seamlessly enabling our users to have dynamic multi-session journeys to take them from inspiration to action, while allowing advertisers to connect with the user across the funnel and ultimately drive performance outcomes. In order to do this, we're leveraging AI tuned on our unique curation signals to deliver increasingly relevant and personalized content. This drives further curation behavior, which provides us with even greater first-party signal for ever-improving actionability across our app, all while distinguishing ourselves as a place for positivity and belonging. As a result, Pinterest is resonating with our users more than ever before, and we have found our strongest ever product market fit. It's abundantly clear that Pinterest is an AI winner. We've never been more popular or valued by our users and more performance for our advertisers. Our Q2 results clearly showcased that our increased product velocity, combined with our consistent execution against our multiple ways to win is leading to durable growth.

We ended the quarter with 578 million MAUs an 11% increase year-over-year, marking yet another quarter of record high users. At the same time, we generated Q2 revenue of $998 million, up 17% year-over-year as we continue to be a vital partner for advertisers across a range of verticals seeking to reach our [ lean to end ] users. Our consistent performance and ability to take market share demonstrate the effectiveness of our long-term strategy and laser focus on delivering value for our users and advertisers. Pinterest has been at the forefront of visual search and has helped create an entirely new way in which users discover, explore their taste and ultimately shop. As we have significantly improved the relevance and personalization of our content using AI, we've become a destination for our users to explore their expansive set of commercial journeys. As I've shared before, 100% of our reported monthly active users are logged in and approximately 85% come to our mobile app directly. They are coming for new types of purely visual search experiences, particularly in moments where a user may not have the words to precisely describe what they're looking for or will know it when they see it. The visual nature of our platform is particularly attractive to Gen Z, who's been raised on an Internet of visual content and thus seeks out information differently than other generations. Pinterest offers the ability to visually explore in a more focused way that is distinct from other discovery platforms that are more entertainment driven rather than intent-driven. Today, our platform is resonating with Gen Z more than ever. I'm excited to share that over 50% of our monthly active users are Gen Z, which speaks to the fact that we've built a platform that is deeply resonating with the next generation of users and shoppers who are influential [ pacemakers ], content creators and a lucrative audience for advertisers to reach. We see that our users, including Gen Z, value our platform for a number of use cases. Specifically, the visual nature of our platform lends itself well to use cases, including fashion, apparel, beauty, food, beverage and home decor, which are some of the core use cases on Pinterest. While those categories continue to be strong, we find that users across demographic groups leverage Pinterest for a broad range of moments in their lives. At the same time, we're continuing to broaden our audience across generation and gender. For example, we're seeing our male users come to Pinterest for searches like rock climbing aesthetic, which are up 95% year-over-year. whether it be a college student searching for their next winter break travel destination, a new mom looking for parenting tips or even actor [ Patrick Sorteneger ] creating boards to immerse themself and the characters he's playing on screen, there's something on Pinterest for everyone. As users come to Pinterest for a wide set of use cases to enrich their lives, we gain rich first-party human curation signal at large scale as they find inspiration, curate their tastes, make product associations and ultimately take action. This proprietary signal is powerful for multiple reasons. First, as I just noted, all of our MAUs are logged in with most coming directly to our mobile app. This means our users express their intent to us directly through what they search, click or save to a board. Next, our signal comes from the hundreds of millions of users actively curating through boards and collages over their multisession journeys. Together, this network of many billions of associations between pens, searches, boards, products and users on our platform comprise our valuable [ PACE ] graph, a signal that we believe to be unique in the Western world that allows us to make highly relevant recommendations. And the more we've doubled down on curation through improved board functionality and new content formats like collages, the more dense our Taste Graph has become. In fact, as I've mentioned in previous quarters, our Taste Graph has grown over 75% over the last 2 years.

And finally, because so much planning and saving activity happens on Pinterest, which is often a leading indicator of purchase intent, our signal provides valuable forward-looking insight. As a result, while some platforms may provide a year-end review recap of what consumers have already done, our data allows us to uniquely publish an annual report called Pinterest Predicts, where we share what is not yet trending but very likely will be in the year ahead based on what users are planning and curating today for purchases in the future. And given the strength of our data over the last 5 years, 80% of our predictions have come true. The signal we garner from user activity is the basis of our leading-edge AI recommendation systems, which we use to identify and surface personalized and helpful content to our users. AI is a core competency at Pinterest and is deeply integrated across virtually all facets of our business. With our world-class engineering talent in large data corpus, we've developed our own proprietary AI foundational models for use cases that are uniquely applicable to the visual nature of Pinterest. For example, last quarter, I talked about the launch of our multimodal AI model, powering our new visual search experience, currently live for women's fashion. This new user flow allows users for the first time to search and refine their taste with both image and text inputs on our platform. Our proprietary in-house built multimodal AI model, the powers this visual search experience and is trained on our unique data set is 30% more likely to identify and recommend relevant content from our corpus than leading off-the-shelf models. Building off this momentum, this quarter, we launched a proprietary generative retrieval model on our search and related services to drive further improvements to personalization across the platform for our users. This model built completely in-house is utilized within the early stages of our content recommendation system and is trained on past user activity across all our surfaces and our Taste Graph of how users associate our corpus of tens of billions of pins together to generate an initial set of potential pins to show a user. Due to the sophistication of this model and the breadth of content and activity is trained on it can recommend more relevant and deeply personalized content for our users while also balancing the distribution of fresh content, given it is more effective at predicting what a user might like to see.

Another example of how we integrate AI to enhance the relevance of the content we serve our users is through the use of large language models in our search recommendation algorithm. Leveraging LLM in this capacity, we can ingest complex and conversational search queries, converting them into a format that our models can easily understand and process more effectively, thus leading to better content recommendations for our users. Our investments in driving deeper relevance and personalization for our users has led to cumulative gains across the business. Notably, we observed a 230 basis point lift in our search fulfillment rate year-to-date, meaning we're connecting users with more of what they're looking for when they're searching on Pinterest. Over the past 3 years, improvements to relevance and actionability have been at the core of our business transformation. The compounding impact of leveraging our rich first-party signal within our to AI drive relevance, combined with our efforts to make it easier for our users to search, save and shop is reflected in our all-time record users including the outsized strength in Gen Z I described earlier. As we've improved actionability, we've driven increased value for our users, and we're seeing a greater proportion of our users take action. This is important because the deeper a user engages with the platform, the more likely they are to be retained, and the more effectively, we're able to monetize. We see this particularly clearly in our UCAN region where we've driven the most significant improvement to actionability across the platform. In UCAN, the retention rate of users who take action like a search or save is notably higher than those who engage only in view-based behavior. That retention rate increases even further as a user moves down the funnel and engages an outbound click behavior. And we see a similar pattern of monetization where users who take action drive significantly more revenue than those who do not. We're helping advertisers capture this lower funnel intent on our platform by significantly improving our ads relevancy as well as building the foundational components of a performance ads platform with tools like mobile deep links, Direct Link and Pinterest Performances+. This has created highly relevant shopping recommendations paired with seamless buying experiences, particularly benefiting our retail and e-commerce advertisers. We are also leveraging AI to continually improve the overall personalization and efficiency of the ads we show users. These always on efforts are resulting in higher click-through and conversion rates as we optimize our AI models to better understand our users' taste and style. For example, in Q2, a we significantly improved the performance of our large-scale conversion models by incorporating more sequences of signals about a user's commercial journey on the platform. By strengthening our training data in this way, we can more accurately predict ads that resonate with our users. In our early AB test, this launch drove a 5% increase in conversion rates for ads on our lowest funnel OCPM bid type. And while we've made tremendous strides in improving relevance and actionability for our users, we see continued runway ahead as we enable new seamless shopping experiences across various categories across our platform. Take food and beverage, for instance, which is an endemic and often daily or weekly use case on Pinterest for users looking for inspiration for recipes, meals or events. Historically, we lack the functionality to help users take action on the products they want to buy in this category. To address this, in Q2, we announced a strategic partnership with Instacart. Through this collaboration, Pinterest ads will soon become directly shoppable via Instacart, allowing users to complete a purchase in just a few clicks. Practically, this means we can make a recommendation to a user for a great cocktail recipe based on our knowledge of their taste, and the user can immediately order the necessary ingredients for delivery to their door. This provides CPG advertisers with a powerful, performance-driven and actionable way to connect with Pinterest users. The partnership also empowers brands advertising on Pinterest to leverage Instacart's rich first-party retail purchase data to effectively reach high-intent shoppers. We also anticipate rolling out additional add to cart and buying functionality for CPG advertisers in the coming months. which will further enable products to be purchased directly on partner retailer websites. At the same time, we are continually innovating on our AI-powered Pinterest Performance+ suite to drive greater efficiency for advertisers after our initial launch in Q4 2024. In Q2, we entered beta testing for Pinterest Performance+ creative preview, which allows advertisers to preview modifications made by our creative tools. including generative backgrounds and imagery sizing, directly within the campaign setup flow. They can also easily regenerate any pins that they wish to change. This helps advertisers maintain control over the creative generation process to ensure the content aligns with their brand while improving transparency and building confidence with the product.

In the second quarter, we also launched our campaign customer group's beta within Pinterest Performance+ campaigns. This new functionality allows advertisers to combine their audience data with Pinterest data while utilizing AI trained on our unique signal of user tastes and preferences. This offers advertisers further granularity over their campaign setup to align with their business goals and drive incrementality. For example, by bidding more to reach new customers.

Finally, we continue to complement our robust first-party sales efforts with a diversified partner strategy. This approach aims to capture additional sources of demand ultimately improving auction density and further enhancing the relevance of our ad demand. This includes integrations with partners like Smartly, an AI-powered platform assisting e-commerce advertisers in campaign management and optimization. We are also investing in our relationships with agencies who we view as vital partners within the ads ecosystem and actively leveraging other complementary demand sources, including international resellers and third-party demand partnerships. Through countless discussions that I have had directly with the CEOs and CMOs of our top advertisers, I am more convinced than ever that Pinterest is offering unique value as a platform within the ads ecosystem. Advertisers are increasingly recognizing our speed of execution and our consistent ability to deliver on promises with differentiated, data-driven insights and expanding global scale. More than ever before, advertisers now view Pinterest as a powerful search platform capable of driving significant lower funnel performance.

Lastly, our fundamental ethos of positivity and belonging continues to be a critical differentiator for our platform. This ethos of positivity has also cemented us as a platform for self-expression in the broader cultural [indiscernible] guys and has attracted creators who wish to align themselves with our messaging and uplifting content. For example, we teamed up with [ Emma Chamberlain ], a popular Gen Z influencer and Pinterest power user to launch our first-ever co-branded global product with her brand, Chamberlain Coffee, whose packaging and branding was inspired by the Fisher Metastatic 2025 Pinterest Predict trend. We prioritize maintaining our inspirational platform and unwavering commitment to positivity and brand safety, which is upheld through policies such as private buy default settings for users under 18 and supporting focus during class time. We also continue to invest heavily in our inclusive AI tools that help users see themselves represented in the content they interact with on Pinterest. I'm incredibly proud that our advertising partner, Dove recently won the [ Cann Lions Media Grand Prix ] for their real beauty redefined for the AI era campaign which ran exclusively on Pinterest and leverage our inclusive AI tools and data insights.

Overall, I'm proud of our team's sustained execution and commitment to delivering for our users and advertisers. With that, I'll turn the call over to Julia to share more details about our financial performance.

Thanks, Bill, and good afternoon, everyone. Today, I'll be discussing our second quarter 2025 financial results and provide an update on our preliminary third quarter 2025 outlook. All financial metrics, except for revenue will be discussed in non-GAAP terms unless otherwise specified, and all comparisons will be discussed on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise noted.

As evidenced by our results this quarter, we're continuing to execute on our multiple ways to win, which are growing users, deepening engagement while simultaneously increasing ad load with relevant ads as content, driving performance for advertisers with lower funnel product innovations and complementing our first-party business with new sources of demand. In doing so, we're taking share in a competitive but growing end market by building a strong business with sustainable revenue growth, profitability and free cash flow generation. We're seeing record high users driven by our efforts to improve the relevance and personalization of the content we show our users through incorporating AI deeply throughout our product. At the same time, we're also seeing continued revenue growth from our efforts to drive greater performance through AI-driven ad stack improvements in automation, along with deeper actionability through our lower funnel ad formats. The compounding effects of these initiatives, combined with our consistent execution, has resulted in a more resilient business than ever before, and there's certainly more to go as we continue to execute on our strategy.

Now let's move to our second quarter results. We ended the quarter with 578 million global monthly active users, or MAUs, growing 11% with another quarter of record high users. We continue to demonstrate user growth across all of our geographic regions. In Q2, our U.S. and Canada region had 102 million MAUs, growing 5%. Our Europe region had 146 million MAUs, growing 7%. And in the Rest of World markets, we had 329 million MAUs growing 14%.

Shifting to revenue. In Q2, our global revenue was $998 million, up 17% on a reported and constant currency basis. We saw strength across our conversion and awareness objectives. From a vertical perspective, we continue to see strength across our retail vertical as well as in financial services.

Turning to our geographical breakouts for Q2. In the U.S. and Canada, we generated $745 million in revenue, growing 11%. Strength came from retail and financial services. In Europe, revenue was $191 million, growing 34% on a reported basis or 29% on a constant currency basis. Strength in Europe was driven by retail. Revenue from Rest of World was $63 million growing 65% on a reported basis or 72% on a constant currency basis. In Q2, ad impressions grew 55%. as a reminder, the number of ad impressions on our platform is a factor of both the number of total impressions on our platform, whether paid or organic as well as the percentage of those impressions that represent ads or ad load. This quarter marked the 12th consecutive quarter since the middle of 2022 with our ad impressions growth being driven synergistically by both total impressions and ad load. At the same time, ad pricing in Q2 declined 25% year-over-year. The primary driver of the sequential acceleration in ad impressions and corresponding decline in ad pricing continues to be the growing mix shift from ad impressions in previously unmonetized or undermonetized international markets. which carry lower ad pricing than our more mature markets.

Moving to expenses. In Q2, cost of revenue was $197 million, up 10% year-over-year and up 2% versus Q1 due to increased infrastructure spend related to users and engagement growth. Our non-GAAP operating expense was $555 million, up 14%. The increase was due to increases in sales and marketing and R&D as we continue to invest in teams across AI and other product initiatives as well as enterprise sales and support.

Our revenue outperformance combined with ongoing cost discipline, led to another strong quarter of adjusted EBITDA coming in at $251 million. This resulted in an adjusted EBITDA margin of 25%, an increase of approximately 310 basis points versus Q2 last year, which exceeded our expectations and was driven by the incremental flow-through from the revenue outperformance.

We also delivered Q2 free cash flow of $197 million. We ended the quarter with cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $2.7 billion. In Q2, we allocated $106 million toward net share settlement of equity awards, and $53 million towards share repurchases as part of our ongoing efforts to mitigate dilution. These dilution mitigation efforts have driven a 1% decline in year-over-year fully diluted share count versus Q2 2024. And which compares favorably to our stated positive 2% to 3% average annual target.

Now we'll discuss our preliminary guidance for the third quarter. We expect Q3 revenue to be in the range of $1.033 billion to $1.055 billion, representing 15% to 17% growth year-over-year. Our guidance assumes the impact of foreign exchange to be approximately 1 point of tailwind based on current spot rates.

Moving down the P&L. We expect Q3 2025 adjusted EBITDA and to be in the range of $282 million to $302 million. We anticipate Q3 2025 year-over-year leverage on non-GAAP cost of revenue to be approximately half of what we delivered in Q2 2025. Within Q3, non-GAAP operating expense, our primary area of investment will continue to be head count growth within R&D to support our efforts in AI and other product initiatives as well as our global enterprise sales team. Looking ahead, we expect to deliver adjusted EBITDA margin expansion in the second half of 2025 and though the level of expansion will be lower than the more elevated expansion we delivered in the first half of 2025 as we continue to invest in revenue-driving initiatives.

In closing, I'm proud of our team for yet another strong quarter of results as we execute against our strategic plans. We are delivering for our users and advertisers while our multiple ways to win are driving durable revenue growth. With that, I'll hand it over to Bill for some final words.

Thanks, Julia. I want to thank our teams at Pinterest, our advertising partners and all the people that come to Pinterest to find inspiration and take action. And with that, we can open the call up for questions. .

[Operator Instructions] first question is from the line of Ron Josey with Citigroup. .

Bill, I wanted to ask a little bit more on just overall usage trends with Gen Z being 50% of users today. I would love to hear just how usage overall intent has changed just given the changing demographic. I know we talked about newer verticals last quarter, and you mentioned that today. And then maybe bigger picture, and this gets into the Gen Z maybe comment. Just given changing search habits, we're hearing more and more users are starting their search directly on Pinterest. And so just wanted to hear more about the opportunity here as Pinterest gets more direct traffic and particularly younger direct traffic.

Thanks, Ron. Yes, as you noted, user growth overall has been a real bright spot for us. And we're growing across all geographies and generations that we track. And we're increasingly relevant with the next generation, particularly with Gen Z now accounting for over 50% of our MAUs, followed by millennials who are our second fastest. And to your point on Gen Z coming to Pinterest to search, Adobe put out of a study recently, the Gen Z use Pinterest as a search destination. They found that 39% of study participants have used Pinterest as a search engine, and that was 47% for Gen Z. And so over 70 from those users say, the top reason they use Pinterest as a search engine is because it's visually appealing. So what we've done around visual search using curation paired with AI to make really, really relevant recommendations where users say Pinterest just gets me. It's helping them in entirely new forms of search that are both a mix of discovery based on deep knowledge of their taste but then their ability to really easily refine that taste in a purely visual manner. So while we see that resonating the most with Gen Z, that is working across our platform globally, is working on our platform across demographics across generations. And so that's part of why you see our growth both in UCAN in Europe and in Rest of World, strong growth numbers across all of those because that is working globally, but that AI paired with our unique curation signal on the platform, leading users to a place of saying, well, Pinterest just gets me. And we think we've got a lot more that we can do there as we continue to do more and more with AI. And as we are increasingly a destination with 100% of our users being logged in, and 85% coming to our mobile app directly. So we're a destination for these things users are seeking us out, and we think there's a lot of continued opportunity to build upon that.

Next question is from the line of Eric Sheridan with Goldman Sachs.

Bill, there's been a lot of volatility year-to-date in the broader macro environment. How would you characterize the current demand state for digital ads broadly? And how are you thinking about the potential for volatility in either direction or nuance around budgets as we progress deeper into the year?

Thanks, Eric. Just broadly speaking and say, as you look at our over delivery on revenue in Q2, we saw a bit more constructive environment than what we had expected and many others expected at the time of our last call. But I'll turn it over to Julia to give some more insights and thoughts as to how we're seeing that going forward.

Yes. Thanks, Eric. So I guess for Q2, we saw areas that have been strong for several quarters now for us, such as retail and financial services, continue to be sources of strength. And as Bill alluded to in his prepared remarks, we're also seeing continued gains through our investments in AI, which are driving user and engagement growth as well as compounding benefits from improvements to our ad tech stack as evidenced by outbound click growth and efficiency improvements for advertisers. So while the tariff impact was certainly smaller than we anticipated in Q2, we did still see some impact affecting our UCAN region. For example, Asia-based e-commerce retailers pulled back spend in the U.S. tied to the change in the de minimis exemption. But partially offsetting this headwind, we also continue to see really exciting ongoing geographic diversification from some of these and other retailers to our European and Rest of World regions. So outside of UCAN and in our international markets, we saw a nice acceleration in Q2 both on a reported and constant currency basis in Europe and Rest of World. Europe, this was really driven by strength in retail as we continue to expand our lower funnel and shopping playbooks to those markets. While in our Rest of World region, we saw strength coming from our own first-party sales force plus contribution from resellers as they continue to ramp which is consistent with our kind of multi-pronged strategy to accelerate monetization in this region. So overall, a very strong Q2, and we see that continuing into Q3.

You asked a little bit about sort of ad environment again, I'd say, as we talk to advertisers about Q3, we do hear that some of that [indiscernible] related and broader market uncertainty has continued into how they're thinking about spend for Q3. And though this varies by advertiser. And again, it's definitely a relatively more constructive environment than feared. So we're trying to provide an outlook for Q3 that is responsive to that overall environment and have to see how the broader market backdrop plays out. Stepping back, though, we're guiding to a revenue range that is similar to the 17% growth we just delivered in Q2. So we think the consistency of our revenue growth year-to-date really highlights the resilience of our business and more importantly, the durability of our many revenue growth drivers as we're continuing to execute on our strategy.

Next question is from the line of Doug Anmuth with JPMorgan.

Bill, I wanted to ask about Performance+ adoption. You rolled out ROS bidding in GA in March and then also gave advertisers' ability to bring in audience data in 2Q. Can you just talk about how those initiatives are trending so far? And then what else may be in the pipeline or performance loss?

Thanks, Doug. We're really pleased with what we're seeing on the rollout of Performance+. So we've seen notable early adoption from mid-market advertisers. Since the end of last year, the percentage of lower funnel revenue flowing through Pinterest Performance+ campaigns has more than doubled. And so we've consistently talked about how we see that as a multi-quarter, multiyear cycle. But we feel really good about the adoption and the performance there, and we're continuing to bring best offerings for bidding, targeting, budgeting and creative to advertisers. As you noted, we launched [indiscernible] in Q2, we launched the [ P+ creative previews ] and campaign customer groups. And so our goal of Performance+ was to expand our reach beyond the largest retailers, and we're seeing to do exactly that, that Performance+ gives advertisers their preferred level of control, and it's also getting us more into that mid-market, more into some of the -- that $1 billion to $30 billion segment. And even as we go a little bit further in the small business, we're seeing some early signs there because Pinterest Performance+ is making it much easier for advertisers to come on the platform. I spoke before about how it's cutting campaign creation time and half and they were seeing a lower cost per action. So we continue to see all those things playing out nicely. And again, driving what we think will be a multi-quarter, multiyear adoption cycle on not just the existing features, but as we continue to round out the feature set there. .

Next question is from the line of Justin Patterson with KeyBanc.

Great. Bill, there's been a lot of talk about just how Agentic AI is changing the search funnel. I'd love to hear you expand around just some of the investments you're making to really succeed in this new era? And how long you think it will be before you see some benefits there?

Yes. Thanks, Justin. First, I'd say that as we've entered sort of this Cambrian moment of a lot of new AI-driven experiences and people thinking about searching in new ways. Pinterest is an AI winner in that. Through that moment, Pinterest is more popular than ever as we're driving record highs in users, winning with the next generation, deepening engagement per user, and at the core of that is that we've really made AI essential to everything that we're doing. While we don't talk about it this way, Pinterest has effectively become an AI-enabled shopping assistant. And we don't talk about it that way because it's not how our users think of it. But when you just say things like Pinterest just gets me, it's because they can open the app and the app is going to make recommendations to them proactively on things that they're really interested in, that align with their taste and their style, the way that a really great personal shopping assistant would, and we think there's a lot more to go on that, and then we think we have something really unique around our curation signal that doesn't just let us understand the taste for that user individually. But when they curate and associate products, it just gives us a completely unique signal for us to show the next user. The [ May Star ] was just a very small signal of even just 1 of those products that we can then recommend what else might go with that. And not just the obvious things like you bought your first ever bag of dog food and so here's the dog collar, those are pretty obvious. But things that will say, well, if you're into this kind of beauty product you might be into these kind of sort of yoga apparel or those kinds of things and really unique associations that are going to resonate with that user.

And to your question on Agentic I think this notion of an agent just going and buying all the things for you without you doing anything, I think that's going to be a very, very long cycle for that to play out, both in terms of how the users think about it, where the users are going to be ready to just let something go run off and do everything for them, save for maybe some very utilitarian journeys. But if we look at what's happening on our platform already, we're able to take the user much further down that shopping journey, assisting them, as I mentioned, with the [indiscernible] recommendations that's effectively taking the user much further down the shopping journey without them having to do the work. And so we see really great early signs of that. And we think a lot more that we're going to be able to do there that we will focus on in a very user-centric way that meets the user where they are. But with AI and LOMs and Agentic capabilities deeply embedded in the way that we're doing that. So again, through all of that, as we're going through this cambria moment, Pinterest is more popular than ever. And it's because, again, we've made Pinterest into an AI winner and really made the core competency both based on what we're able to do through our engineering, but importantly, the completely unique curation signal that we have on our platform. I hope that's helpful. .

Next question is from the line of Mark Shmulik with Bernstein Societe Generale Group.

Julie, we've seen strong acceleration in kind of the international business the last few quarters. Can you perhaps help us dimensionalize kind of what's driving that strength between just overall stronger market dynamics? And what Pinterest is doing to perhaps close the monetization gap there? .

And then, Bill, just a follow-up on kind of the search question from earlier. I appreciate the color on the traction with visual search. I think the last data point we have on search query volume was from the Analyst Day, but is that reasonable to assume that search volume is kind of growing alongside this changing user mix with more Gen Z users?

Great. Thanks, Mark. I'll take your first 1 on international. So we still think that international is a huge opportunity for us in the medium to long term. In Q2, as you noted, we're pleased with the acceleration we're seeing in our international regions. And we're starting to see that over the last couple of quarters, we are beginning to narrow the gap between UCAN and international ARPU there's obviously a lot more room to go to further narrow that gap over a multiyear period. But we think the early proof points in Europe with retail in particular, demonstrate that the success we've seen with lower funnel and performance ad budgets in UCAN can translate well to large markets abroad with the right focus and execution. As a reminder, the monetization and go-to-market approach does vary country by country internationally. So in Western Europe, it's primarily our first-party sales team, whereas when you get to longer tail international markets, which tend to be in the Rest of World region, as we report them, it's really a mix of our first-party sales force, reseller partners, which we've been continuing to ramp and then third-party ad demand through our Google partnership as well. So these markets are overall sort of lower TAM and have ad impressions with lower eCPM in general. And so you're starting to see that affect our overall pricing trends. However, they're really clearly net revenue accretive. And you can see that in the accelerating growth rates really for the past several quarters, in particular, this quarter. So it represents a large opportunity for us going forward as we start to break into and grow more meaningful share in these markets.

Yes. And on your second part of your question, Mark, around visual search and search volume. A couple of things that we've commented on. First, as you look at us hitting record levels of users, we continue to see the general trend of DP engagement per user. And as I've commented on past calls, Also, it continues to be the case that at the core of that DPA engagement per user is actionability, which is intent-driven experiences. And those intent-driven experiences tend to be search type experiences. A general way to think about it, that we've talked about before is that our platform in terms of the user interaction is approximately 1/3 home feed and then 2/3 search and related that 2/3 search related is sort of more purely visual form of search. And even the home feed, increasingly, we see as a continuation of search journey. So it really is the case that the entire platform has become a new way that people think about searching in a way where it is more proactive, it is more contiguous across sessions, it is more personalized. It is more visual. And again, that deep engagement per user, the residents with Gen Z, it really is at the core of that, helping them go satisfy intent, which is the kind of thing that is effectively a search type experience, but we're delivering that for them in entirely new ways. So we continue to feel really great about the progress there. And again, expect there's a lot more we can do.

Next question is from the line of Ross Sandler with Barclays.

Great. Julia, could you talk about your investment priorities for the second half of this year, the pace of margin improvement is still up, but it's coming down a bit, as you noted. So how should we think about that? .

And then, Bill, could you just elaborate a little bit on this new Instacart partnership? It sounds like you're integrating some of their shopping data to make CPG ads more targeted on Pinterest. Can you just kind of double click into that? And was there an off Pinterest component involved as well?

Great. So Ross, thank you for the question. I'll take the first 1 on margins. I would say in Q2, we had exceptionally strong revenue performance. So the flow-through of that led to outsized adjusted EBITDA margin expansion. And then for the second half, we talked about in the prepared remarks that we're expecting adjusted EBITDA margin expansion, again, but just at a lower level than the elevated expansion than in the first half. But maybe just to give a little bit more color on sort of the areas that we're investing in and how we're seeing that play out. So where you're starting to see the pacing of investments showing up in our expense line. So our planned investments in R&D are targeted at high-value areas that enhance our products, both for users and advertisers. As we look back over the last 18 months, it's just incredibly clear that we've seen really nice near-term returns from we focus these investments, particularly within AI to improve relevance and personalization like Bill was talking about a little bit earlier, leveraging our unique first-party signal and technology through LLM, to strengthen our search recommendation algorithms and creating new visual experiences like visual search through our proprietary multimodal model. So as we've rounded out the ad tech stack, we're also seeing early revenue momentum in Europe and Rest of World. also in kind of these emerging verticals like financial services that we've continued to call out for the last few quarters here and across the lower funnel. So as a result, we want to invest in our sales capacity to further lean into that growth that we're starting to see and the larger opportunity that we have ahead of us there. So to that end, after a period of more aggressive margin expansion in 2024, since the start of this year, we've added new sales leaders who are continuing to elevate their teams and add new talent, particularly in our UCAN and Europe enterprise sales teams, alongside this also investing in the growth of our sales enablement and support teams, bringing in more technical sales talent to support our increased focus on lower funnel and performance-based campaigns. So tying that all together as a result, we still expect margin expansion in full year 2025, though at a more modest level than the outsized amount we delivered in 2024. And this is all kind of generally consistent with our prior margin outlook commentary provided on previous earnings calls as well.

And on the second part of your question, Ross, around the Instacart partnership, we're quite excited about that. As I've consistently talked about, actionability and bringing actionability into the platform has been really core to the revitalization of Pinterest over the last 3 years. And we started with core retail and shopping categories. But food and beverage has been 1 of those categories that is endemic to our platform, but where actionability was still relatively low. And partnership with Instacart will allow us to do things like as people are looking at, say, a recipe on the platform immediately go order the ingredients for that recipe to have it delivered to their door. And the way that will work, consistent with what we've done in retail is seamless hand-offs to the place that you're buying. You've seen us with mobile deep linking and those kinds of things make it so that as you find the product that you want, we create a really seamless handoff to the place to go buy it, and we're taking that over to the place for you to go buy those things. So as I mentioned, we'll have multiple of these ways that we'll continue to bring actionability in the platform and consistent with what we've done with direct links, mobile deep linking, we'll consistently look for ways that we create really seamless handoffs into the places to go buy those things. Sometimes that will be in our app or a really seamless handoff into the retailer to buy from. But again, quite excited to bring that actionability into food and beverage, which is a large endemic category for us.

Next question is from the line of Brian Nowak with Morgan Stanley.

I wanted to ask 1 about sort of forward advertising growth. I mean, you guys have made a lot of improvements to the platform, and you talked a lot about compounding gains over the last 9 months or so using [ GPA ] machine learning. When other platforms have done that, we've sort of seen a big step in growth and acceleration. Is that an incorrect analog to be sort of applying to Pinterest. As you sort of look at the ad revenue that you're delivering, are there -- is there a constraint to how much the business can accelerate that perhaps we externally don't understand? I just trying to think about the path on forward revenue growth in the back half and into next year?

Yes. Thanks for the question, Brian. I think I've been very, very consistent on this, is saying that think of these things as long-term compelling initiatives and I don't know how many more ways I can say no hockey stick, no step function because these things, as we're building the performance ad platform, these all have compounding benefit. And so we're pretty consistently delivering above the rate of the market growth overall. And we feel really good about that. We've really turned the platform into a performance advertising platform over the last few years and have increasingly broken into those always on performance budgets, really taking share, growing above the rate of the market overall. And we have continued to consistently deliver on that very much in line with the expectations we said at our Investor Day, delivering above the high end of our guidance range. So we feel really good about the way that we're delivering there. And we don't see any structural limitation to that. We're a small player in the market, but we're a small player in the market that's growing faster than the market and increasingly relevant in more use cases with more advertisers as we work our way from the largest advertisers down to sort of the mid-market on down. And I think there's a lot of room for growth ahead and those things I talked about Pinterest Performance+, that's really starting to pick up resonance with that mid-market group as we go into a new range of advertisers that we hadn't been as available to previously, we're seeing that pick up nicely. You're seeing the international pick up nicely. So those are all the levers of growth that we laid out and there are multiple ways to win back at our Investor Day and we're executing on those and delivering in the ranges that we've talked about consistently on how we would do that. We've also been very consistent that we don't see those as step functions, but instead of like long-term compounding benefits of a true performance ad platform. Hopefully, that's helpful.

Next question is from the line of Anthony Post with Bank of America.

Great. A couple of things. Definitely, the functionality of the site is improving. Do you see -- and you mentioned men in your prepared remarks, but are you seeing more men get on the site? And could there be further breakthroughs there to really expand the audience over time, how you're thinking about that? And then I guess some other sites had a real big acceleration intra-quarter. But you mentioned less variability, but more durability. Could you maybe explain why your auctions could be a little different than other sites out there and why you could be more durable over time?

Thanks, Justin. So to your point on broadening use cases, that is absolutely what we see happening on the platform. So we've talked about winning the next generation with Gen Z. That's going very, very well. I commented in my prepared remarks, about broadening relevance across all generations that we track. So we're growing across all generations that we track, but we're also growing across general lines with more and more men coming to the platform. And the reason we see that our relevancy is increasing across all the geographies that we track across the generations that we track, and across gender lines, is that what we're doing around our AI-powered recommendations, our AI-powered visual search so much of what people are looking for is visually driven, and that is true for women, that is true for men. That is true for Gen Z. It's true for millennials, it's true for Gen X and boomers. And so we're really seeing that have broad, broad applicability. And on the point of getting more men on the platform, we put out our men's report that went a little bit deeper on the different things that men are looking for on the platform. And it's -- but it's not just getting in into more things around like apparel and those kinds of things that have been typically on our platform, so much of the categories that we have talked about has perhaps more emerging, have a lot of visual nature to them as well. So categories that I spend time in a lot personally, shoes, cars, watches, those kinds of things. Those are all very visually driven, and those are resonant across general lines as well. And so we're really pleased with how we see the relevancy of the platform improving across geographies, across generations and across gender lines.

Yes. And then I think to get at your second question, Justin, obviously, we don't comment on sort of monthly trends. But I think what you're seeing from us in Q2 and what I would expect in Q3 as well, is that we're a really vital partner for many of our advertisers, particularly as we break into their more performance-oriented budgets. You're seeing that they continue to really value the full funnel, very unique full funnel offering that we have and the sort of leaned in, high commercial intent users that we have who are actively participating in our site. And so I think we're a great partner to those advertisers in retail during these moments and we're seeing really nice penetration gains as well in some of these emerging verticals that we've talked about here for the last quarters. We're seeing some nice tailwind also in the mid-market segment due to some of the early adoption in Performance+, although still multiyear cycle there ahead of us. So a little bit more color on that, but I think that's all we're going to comment on there.

Next question is from the line of all of Sebastian with Baird.

Bill, the new visual search works really well from what we can tell. And I guess I'd be curious how you envision that functionality ultimately contributing to broader user engagement and monetization, how this helps position you against some of the other visual searches that we see cropping up in other AI-oriented apps.

And Julia, I guess, curious what you've seen in Q2 in terms of MAUs that reflects seasonality in North America and Europe and how that might track into Q3. Thank you.

Thanks, Colin. On the visual search part, I think the thing that I'd say there is the uniqueness of our platform and the curation signal that we have that lets us make proactive recommendations. So even before you go search, we're giving you recommendations for things that are highly likely to be interesting to you in a much more targeted way than what you would typically find on entertainment-based platforms and those kinds of things because there is intent expressed on our platform, and that allows us to go make those proactive recommendations. I talked about on our new multimodal model for visual search that, that is outperforming off-the-shelf models by 34 percentage points on the relevancy of the recommendations to our users, and that is really getting at the uniqueness of that curation signals and the product associations that happen on our platform that let us make those really, really great recommendations. So again, I think that's a place where you're seeing our users vote directly by coming to us more and more with these very actionable journeys, this -- driving clicks and conversions for advertisers, but deep engagement with the user on our platform, as I mentioned in my prepared remarks, driving greater retention with those users because we're really pleased with the experience they're getting, but at the core of that is that unique curation signal and then what we're able to do with AI trained against that, that is outperforming off-the-shelf models, like I said, by 34 percentage points on the relevancy of those recommendations based on our unique Corpus, That, I think, is a real, real differentiator. And for context, if you had outperformed on those off-the-shelf models by 30 basis points, that would be something to be really proud of, 30 percentage points, just really gets to how unique our curation signal is.

And then, Colin, to your second question on MAUs and sort of seasonality. We don't guide to MAUs. But in Q2, you're seeing consistent kind of growth and actually accelerating growth across many of the regions and that we're reporting in MAU basis. We do see seasonality sort of every year, particularly in Europe. Just as a reminder, MAUs reported on a 30-day look back from the last day of the quarter. So you do tend to see sort of summer vacations show up in Europe. But on a year-over-year basis, we actually accelerated user growth across all regions in Q2. And really happy with what we're seeing there, not just on the user kind of growth side but also on sort of the various engagement metrics that we're tracking per user, it's really been a bright, bright spot for us as we've been able to drive relevance and personalization through the use of more and more AI as we were talking about earlier on the call, but also better able to kind of reengage marginally engaged users. So I think in the prepared remarks, we talked about how in UCAN, as we've been able to drive more and more actionability specifically in UCAN and more farthest along there that we're able to kind of better retain users over time but also better monetize those users over time. So hopefully, that gives you a little bit more color there.

The final question is from the line of John Blackledge with TD Securities.

Great. With AI driving so many parts of the business, just curious how pins is competing for talent, particularly AI talent, given the increasingly competitive market for the AI talent?

Yes. Thanks for the question, John. What I would say is that, I think there's multiple factors involved in how you compete with talent. Money and mission are 2 of those. I think also having a really great sandbox for great engineers to experiment is another. And as you are noting, there's definitely competition for talent. The good news is that we're able to align what we're doing with AI to really, really great monetizable use cases that generate returns for us. And so we're competing for talent in that regard, not at the most headline grabbing numbers that you would see out there. But those are truly rare instances. But for more of the folks that are sort of building day-to-day we're definitely competing and are able to because of the ROI that we're delivering on our use cases, but that's on the money side of it. The other really big part of that equation is money and mission. And on the mission side, I think we really, really punch above our weight. Both in terms of what we're doing with tune AI for positivity, creating a more positive alternative to what's happening in the rest of social media. I think there's a lot of people that really want to build for that. I think there's sort of 2 competing sort of points of view around this where you have some folks that are willing to sort of throw caution to the wind and do things at all costs. And I think there's others that really, really deeply care about making sure that AI is used for good and AI is used responsibly. And we're not the only ones that are building in that regard. I think for us and for others that are really competing on this dimension of AI for good and responsible AI, you're seeing that that mission part of the equation really matters to many of the best engineers out there. And then also engineers are always attracted to a great sandbox. And when you think about what we have with nearly 600 million monthly active users on our platform that are engaging in a totally unique visual search experience, there are just very few sandboxes out there that can bring that to the equation. There are some that are bigger. But we are -- there are very few platforms that ever get above 0.5 billion users, particularly with the unique visual journey, the unique search journey and the unique curation [indiscernible] that we have that's totally unique to us. Well, that makes it a pretty unique sandbox, and we see that really helping us punch about weight.

Thank you for your question. I would now like to hand the call back over to Bill Ready, CEO, for closing remarks.

Thanks again to all of you for joining the call and for your questions. We look forward to keeping this dialogue going, and we hope you enjoy the rest of your day.

That concludes the conference call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect your lines.